Sensitivity of the human temporal voice areas to nonhuman primate vocalizations
- University of Geneva, Switzerland
Figures
Figure 1
Timecourse and results of the species categorization task and the control task testing for potential attentional biases.
(A) Detail of the timecourse of four trials of the species categorization task in non-representative order, including waveform and spectrogram graphs for one example stimulus of each species. (B) Behavioral results of the task (N = 23) showing the probability (Probab.) of correctly categorizing (categ.) each species’ vocalization, using the six acoustic covariates from Model 3 and reaction times as variables. (C) Histograms of the acoustic Mahalanobis distance data of each species including mean (numbers represent exact mean value). (D) Control task and its design in an independent sample of 28 participants using each species’ vocalization as an exogenous cue preceding the target to be detected as fast as possible, namely a short sine wave tone (600 Hz). (E) Results of the control task (N = 28), showing no biasing of attention by any of the species stimuli: no species triggered attentional capture, yielding to no attentional advantage for target detection. For the results plots, violin plots illustrate distribution fit, error bars the standard error of the mean (SEM). Points represent individual values. ITI: intertrial interval; Resp.: response; Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s.: non-significant.
Figure 2 with 5 supplements
Whole-brain results with TVA outlines when contrasting the processing of chimpanzee to other species’ vocalizations with vocalization loudness, intensity, change in spectrum, F2 bandwidth contour, F0 power, and intensity contour difference as trial-level covariates of no-interest (Model 3).
Enhanced brain activity on a sagittal view with activity for [chimpanzee > human, bonobo, macaque] (dark blue to green), [chimpanzee > bonobo, macaque] (brown to red with light yellow outline), and [macaque > human, bonobo, chimpanzee] (red to yellow) vocalizations, with outlines of TVA for voice > animal sounds (A, B), voice > nature sounds (C, D), voice > music (E, F), and voice > noise (G, H). Brain activations are independent of the most discriminant low-level acoustic parameters of the stimuli set (Debracque et al., 2023). Data corrected for multiple comparisons using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05. Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. White outline: sample-specific temporal voice areas (TVA; N = 23); Dotted black outline: sample-specific TVA, per sound category; Blue outline: areas selective to chimpanzee calls. ‘a’ prefix: anterior; ‘m’ prefix: mid; ‘p’ prefix: posterior; STG: superior temporal gyrus; STS: superior temporal sulcus; L: left hemisphere; R: right hemisphere.
Figure 2—figure supplement 1
Whole-brain results when contrasting the processing of chimpanzee to other species’ vocalizations with mean fundamental frequency and energy as trial-level covariates of no-interest (Model 1).
(A–C) Enhanced brain activity for human and chimpanzee compared to bonobo and macaque vocalizations (purple to yellow) on a sagittal view, overlaid with activity specific to chimpanzee vocalizations (dark blue to green). (D) Percentage of signal change for each individual and relevant species according to the contrast in the left anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG1). Box plots represent mean value (black line) and the standard error of the mean with distribution fit. (E–G) Direct comparison between human and chimpanzee vocalizations (human > chimpanzee: dark red to yellow; chimpanzee > human: dark green to yellow) as well as between chimpanzee calls vs bonobo and macaque calls (chimpanzee > bonobo and macaque: brown to red) on a sagittal render. (H) Percentage of signal change in the anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG2) when contrasting chimpanzee to human vocalizations for each individual and relevant species according to the contrast with box plots representing mean value (black line) and the standard error of the mean with distribution fit. Brain activations are independent of low-level acoustic parameters for all species (mean fundamental frequency ‘F0’ and mean energy of vocalizations). Data corrected for multiple comparisons using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05. Percentage of signal change extracted at cluster peak including 9 surrounding voxels, selecting among these the ones explaining at least 85% of the variance using singular value decomposition. Circles represent individual values, boxplot represents the mean and its standard error, and half-violin plots show data distribution. Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. TVA: temporal voice areas of an independent sample of N = 98. ‘a’ prefix: anterior; ‘m’ prefix: mid; ‘p’ prefix: posterior; STG: superior temporal gyrus; STS: superior temporal sulcus; L: left hemisphere; R: right hemisphere.
Figure 2—figure supplement 2
Whole-brain results when contrasting the processing of chimpanzee to other species’ vocalizations with Mahalanobis acoustic distance as trial-level covariates of interest (Model 2).
(A–C) Enhanced brain activity for human and chimpanzee compared to bonobo and macaque vocalizations (purple to yellow) on a sagittal view, overlaid with activity specific to chimpanzee vocalizations (dark blue to green). (D) Percentage of signal change for each individual and relevant species according to the contrast in the left anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG6). Box plots represent mean value (black line) and the standard error of the mean with distribution fit. (E–G) Direct comparison between human and chimpanzee vocalizations (human > chimpanzee: dark red to yellow; chimpanzee > human: dark green to yellow) as well as between chimpanzee calls vs bonobo and macaque calls (chimpanzee > bonobo and macaque: brown to red) on a sagittal render. (H) Percentage of signal change in the anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG8) when contrasting chimpanzee to human vocalizations for each individual and relevant species according to the contrast with box plots representing mean value (black line) and the standard error of the mean with distribution fit. Brain activations are covarying with the acoustic distance of each stimulus for all species. Data corrected for multiple comparisons using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05. Percentage of signal change extracted at cluster peak including nine surrounding voxels, selecting among these the ones explaining at least 85% of the variance using singular value decomposition. Circles represent individual values, boxplot represents the mean and its standard error, and half-violin plots show data distribution. Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. TVA: temporal voice areas of an independent sample of N = 98. ‘a’ prefix: anterior; ‘m’ prefix: mid; ‘p’ prefix: posterior; STG: superior temporal gyrus; STS: superior temporal sulcus; L: left hemisphere; R: right hemisphere.
Figure 2—figure supplement 3
Whole-brain results when contrasting the processing of chimpanzee to other species’ vocalizations with vocalization loudness, intensity, change in spectrum, F2 bandwidth contour, F0 power, and intensity contour difference as trial-level covariates of no-interest (Model 3).
(A–C) Enhanced brain activity for human and chimpanzee compared to bonobo and macaque vocalizations (purple to yellow) on a sagittal view, overlaid with activity specific to chimpanzee vocalizations (dark blue to green). (D) Percentage of signal change for each individual and relevant species according to the contrast in the left anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG10). Box plots represent mean value (black line) and the standard error of the mean with distribution fit. (E–G) Direct comparison between human and chimpanzee vocalizations (human > chimpanzee: dark red to yellow; chimpanzee > human: dark green to yellow) as well as between chimpanzee calls vs bonobo and macaque calls (chimpanzee > bonobo and macaque: brown to red) on a sagittal render. (H) Percentage of signal change in the anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG12) when contrasting chimpanzee to human vocalizations and when contrasting chimpanzee to bonobo and macaque calls (aSTG13) for each individual and relevant species according to the contrast with box plots representing mean value (black line) and the standard error of the mean with distribution fit. Brain activations are independent of the most discriminant low-level acoustic parameters of the stimuli set. Data corrected for multiple comparisons using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05. Percentage of signal change extracted at cluster peak including 9 surrounding voxels, selecting among these the ones explaining at least 85% of the variance using singular value decomposition. Circles represent individual values, boxplot represents the mean and its standard error, and half-violin plots show data distribution. Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. TVA: temporal voice areas of an independent sample of N = 98. ‘a’ prefix: anterior; ‘m’ prefix: mid; ‘p’ prefix: posterior; STG: superior temporal gyrus; STS: superior temporal sulcus; L: left hemisphere; R: right hemisphere.
Figure 2—figure supplement 4
Whole-brain activations specific to macaque calls for Model 3.
(A, B) Enhanced whole-brain activity for macaque compared to human, chimpanzee, and bonobo vocalizations. (C, D) Enhanced whole-brain activity for macaque compared to chimpanzee and bonobo vocalizations. Data corrected for multiple comparison using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05, k = 10. Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. TVA: sample-specific (N = 23) temporal voice areas; PT: planum temporale; mSTG: mid superior temporal gyrus.
Figure 2—figure supplement 5
Whole-brain additional activations for Model 3.
Enhanced whole-brain activity for (A, B) bonobo compared to human, (C, D) macaque compared to human, (E, F) macaque compared to bonobo, and (G, H) macaque compared to chimpanzee vocalizations. Data corrected for multiple comparison using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05, k = 10. TVA: sample-specific (N = 23) temporal voice areas; mSTG: mid superior temporal gyrus; mSTS: mid superior temporal sulcus; PT: planum temporale.
Figure 3
Synthesis of mid-to-anterior TVA clusters of activity recruited specifically by the processing of chimpanzee and macaque vocalizations (Models 1–3).
Anterior superior temporal gyrus (aSTG) and sulcus (aSTS) clusters recruited for the processing of chimpanzee calls as opposed to human voices, bonobo, macaque calls (pink: Model 1; purple: Model 2; blue: Model 3) in the general TVA (A, B, N = 98) as well as in the sample-specific TVA (C, D, N = 23). Macaque results are only significant for Model 3 (teal: macaque vs all other species). Model 1: mean of fundamental frequency and energy (covariates of no-interest, N = 2); Model 2: acoustic distance (covariate of no-interest, N = 1); Model 3: acoustic parameters that characterize low-level acoustics of our stimuli following a discriminant analysis (covariates of no-interest, N = 6). Data are all corrected for multiple comparison using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05 with t-values ranging from 5 to 10. Hum: human; Chimp: chimpanzee; Bon: bonobo; Mac: macaque. TVA: temporal voice areas. Prefix ‘a’: anterior; ‘m’: mid. L / R: left / right hemisphere.
Figure 4
Model-based correlates of the probability of correct species categorization, within sample-specific TVA (Model 4).
Correlates of the probability of correct species categorization computed using model-based analysis technique for all species, as illustrated on sagittal renders for all species, including human (A, B), then specifically for chimpanzee calls (C, D), bonobo calls (E, F), and macaque calls (G, H). These correlates were constrained to the bounds of the sample-specific TVA (N = 23, black outline) using an inclusive masking procedure with correction for multiple comparison using voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05. The colorbars represent t-value statistics. TVA: temporal voice areas. Prefix ‘a’: anterior; ‘m’: mid; ‘p’: posterior. STG: superior temporal gyrus; STS: superior temporal sulcus; MTG: middle temporal gyrus; PT: planum temporale. L/R: left/right hemisphere.
Figure 5 with 1 supplement
Temporal voice areas for the present study.
Enhanced whole-brain activity for voice compared to non-voice stimuli in the main sample of the study (A–C, N = 23), in an independent sample of N=98 participants (D–F) and the overlap between these two samples (G–I). Data corrected for multiple comparison using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05, k = 10 voxels minimum per cluster. TVA: temporal voice areas.
Figure 5—figure supplement 1
Temporal voice areas locations and subregions as a function of the type of non-vocal material, sample-specific.
Enhanced whole-brain activity for voice compared to non-voice stimuli in the main sample of the study (N = 23), when non-vocal auditory material is animal sounds (A, B), music (C, D), nature sounds (E ,F), and artificial noises (G, H). Data corrected for multiple comparison using whole-brain voxelwise false discovery rate (FDR) at a threshold of p < 0.05. TVA: temporal voice areas.
Tables
Table 1
Post hoc contrasts for behavioral effects of the species by context interaction.
| Contrast | Estimate | SE | df | z ratio | p-value(unc) | p-value(FDR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bon ago–chimp ago | –1.78644635 | 0.4294698 | Inf | –4.15965576 | 3.187276e−05 | 6.010292e−05 |
| 2 | bon ago–hum ago | –6.30050224 | 0.7182617 | Inf | –8.77187512 | 1.757152e−18 | 2.899301e−17 |
| 3 | bon ago–mac ago | –2.00875349 | 0.4126352 | Inf | –4.86810997 | 1.126706e−06 | 2.478754e−06 |
| 4 | bon ago–bon ago | –0.17414328 | 0.4128612 | Inf | –0.42179619 | 6.731738e−01 | 7.052297e−01 |
| 5 | bon ago–chimp ago | –1.98329886 | 0.4882581 | Inf | –4.06198886 | 4.865640e−05 | 8.679249e−05 |
| 6 | bon ago–hum ago | –5.73545780 | 0.7448880 | Inf | –7.69975816 | 1.363240e−14 | 9.997093e−14 |
| 7 | bon ago–mac ago | –2.37115991 | 0.3947683 | Inf | –6.00646038 | 1.896173e−09 | 5.688518e−09 |
| 8 | bon ago–bon aff | –0.50469507 | 0.4196264 | Inf | –1.20272473 | 2.290829e−01 | 2.799902e−01 |
| 9 | bon ago–chimp aff | –1.82268156 | 0.4239757 | Inf | –4.29902358 | 1.715522e−05 | 3.431044e−05 |
| 10 | bon ago–hum aff | –6.42326928 | 0.7143960 | Inf | –8.99118856 | 2.445710e−19 | 9.704562e−18 |
| 11 | bon ago–mac aff | –1.16502752 | 0.4263215 | Inf | –2.73274422 | 6.280909e−03 | 9.421363e−03 |
| 12 | chimp ago–hum ago | –4.51405590 | 0.6987376 | Inf | –6.46030165 | 1.044945e−10 | 4.056844e−10 |
| 13 | chimp ago–mac ago | –0.22230714 | 0.3099024 | Inf | –0.71734568 | 4.731608e−01 | 5.384244e−01 |
| 14 | chimp ago–bon ago | 1.61230306 | 0.3982712 | Inf | 4.04825376 | 5.160118e−05 | 8.962311e−05 |
| 15 | chimp ago–chimp ago | –0.19685251 | 0.2903578 | Inf | –0.67796535 | 4.977937e−01 | 5.475730e−01 |
| 16 | chimp ago–hum ago | –3.94901145 | 0.7019870 | Inf | –5.62547665 | 1.849964e−08 | 4.883906e−08 |
| 17 | chimp ago–mac ago | –0.58471357 | 0.3413709 | Inf | –1.71283941 | 8.674209e−02 | 1.144996e−01 |
| 18 | chimp ago–bon aff | 1.28175128 | 0.4624629 | Inf | 2.77157666 | 5.578553e−03 | 8.562431e−03 |
| 19 | chimp ago–chimp aff | –0.03623521 | 0.2699085 | Inf | –0.13425000 | 8.932049e−01 | 9.069465e−01 |
| 20 | chimp ago–hum aff | –4.63682293 | 0.6402440 | Inf | –7.24227447 | 4.412218e−13 | 2.393656e−12 |
| 21 | chimp ago–mac aff | 0.62141882 | 0.3143750 | Inf | 1.97667984 | 4.807783e−02 | 6.475789e−02 |
| 22 | hum ago–mac ago | 4.29174875 | 0.7091699 | Inf | 6.05179163 | 1.432437e−09 | 4.727042e−09 |
| 23 | hum ago–bon ago | 6.12635896 | 0.6829140 | Inf | 8.97090889 | 2.940776e−19 | 9.704562e−18 |
| 24 | hum ago–chimp ago | 4.31720338 | 0.7105662 | Inf | 6.07572288 | 1.234304e−09 | 4.287583e−09 |
| 25 | hum ago–hum ago | 0.56504444 | 0.8198583 | Inf | 0.68919767 | 4.906989e−01 | 5.475730e−01 |
| 26 | hum ago–mac ago | 3.92934233 | 0.6815967 | Inf | 5.76490778 | 8.170250e−09 | 2.344507e−08 |
| 27 | hum ago–bon aff | 5.79580718 | 0.6925633 | Inf | 8.36863116 | 5.829140e−17 | 7.694464e−16 |
| 28 | hum ago–chimp aff | 4.47782068 | 0.6986217 | Inf | 6.40950710 | 1.459909e−10 | 5.352998e−10 |
| 29 | hum ago–hum aff | –0.12276703 | 0.8810853 | Inf | –0.13933615 | 8.891845e−01 | 9.069465e−01 |
| 30 | hum ago–mac aff | 5.13547472 | 0.6894527 | Inf | 7.44862492 | 9.431810e−14 | 5.659086e−13 |
| 31 | mac ago–bon ago | 1.83461021 | 0.4117633 | Inf | 4.45549683 | 8.369913e−06 | 1.781982e−05 |
| 32 | mac ago–chimp ago | 0.02545463 | 0.3645522 | Inf | 0.06982437 | 9.443334e−01 | 9.443334e−01 |
| 33 | mac ago–hum ago | –3.72670431 | 0.7256292 | Inf | –5.13582428 | 2.809100e−07 | 6.621451e−07 |
| 34 | mac ago–mac ago | –0.36240642 | 0.2833893 | Inf | –1.27882881 | 2.009573e−01 | 2.502488e−01 |
| 35 | mac ago–bon aff | 1.50405843 | 0.4754706 | Inf | 3.16330472 | 1.559890e−03 | 2.573818e−03 |
| 36 | mac ago–chimp aff | 0.18607193 | 0.3152714 | Inf | 0.59019606 | 5.550592e−01 | 6.005559e−01 |
| 37 | mac ago–hum aff | –4.41451578 | 0.6599336 | Inf | –6.68933319 | 2.241898e−11 | 9.247828e−11 |
| 38 | mac ago–mac aff | 0.84372597 | 0.3103779 | Inf | 2.71838307 | 6.560184e−03 | 9.621603e−03 |
| 39 | bon ago–chimp ago | –1.80915558 | 0.4258084 | Inf | –4.24875546 | 2.149614e−05 | 4.172780e−05 |
| 40 | bon ago–hum ago | –5.56131452 | 0.6705264 | Inf | –8.29395313 | 1.095456e−16 | 1.205002e−15 |
| 41 | bon ago–mac ago | –2.19701663 | 0.3849704 | Inf | –5.70697583 | 1.150011e−08 | 3.162530e−08 |
| 42 | bon ago–bon aff | –0.33055178 | 0.3533299 | Inf | –0.93553307 | 3.495136e−01 | 4.119268e−01 |
| 43 | bon ago–chimp aff | –1.64853828 | 0.4027399 | Inf | –4.09330794 | 4.252623e−05 | 7.796476e−05 |
| 44 | bon ago–hum aff | –6.24912599 | 0.7090878 | Inf | –8.81290898 | 1.219396e−18 | 2.682670e−17 |
| 45 | bon ago–mac aff | –0.99088424 | 0.3686192 | Inf | –2.68809741 | 7.186043e−03 | 1.031041e−02 |
| 46 | chimp ago–hum ago | –3.75215894 | 0.6870573 | Inf | –5.46120197 | 4.729216e−08 | 1.200493e−07 |
| 47 | chimp ago–mac ago | –0.38786105 | 0.3913065 | Inf | –0.99119501 | 3.215904e−01 | 3.859084e−01 |
| 48 | chimp ago–bon aff | 1.47860379 | 0.4980115 | Inf | 2.96901553 | 2.987555e−03 | 4.809235e−03 |
| 49 | chimp ago–chimp aff | 0.16061730 | 0.3028305 | Inf | 0.53038678 | 5.958438e−01 | 6.342853e−01 |
| 50 | chimp ago–hum aff | –4.43997042 | 0.6631146 | Inf | –6.69563086 | 2.147432e−11 | 9.247828e−11 |
| 51 | chimp ago–mac aff | 0.81827134 | 0.3244697 | Inf | 2.52187323 | 1.167318e−02 | 1.639212e−02 |
| 52 | hum ago–mac ago | 3.36429789 | 0.6872616 | Inf | 4.89522156 | 9.819503e−07 | 2.234784e−06 |
| 53 | hum ago–bon aff | 5.23076273 | 0.7002025 | Inf | 7.47035741 | 7.997730e−14 | 5.278501e−13 |
| 54 | hum ago–chimp aff | 3.91277624 | 0.7175861 | Inf | 5.45269231 | 4.961287e−08 | 1.212759e−07 |
| 55 | hum ago–hum aff | –0.68781148 | 0.9013979 | Inf | –0.76304976 | 4.454337e−01 | 5.157654e−01 |
| 56 | hum ago–mac aff | 4.57043028 | 0.6688791 | Inf | 6.83296904 | 8.317491e−12 | 3.921103e−11 |
| 57 | mac ago–bon aff | 1.86646485 | 0.4329373 | Inf | 4.31116706 | 1.623952e−05 | 3.349400e−05 |
| 58 | mac ago–chimp aff | 0.54847835 | 0.3478039 | Inf | 1.57697583 | 1.148011e−01 | 1.485661e−01 |
| 59 | mac ago–hum aff | –4.05210936 | 0.6704754 | Inf | –6.04363611 | 1.506791e−09 | 4.735630e−09 |
| 60 | mac ago–mac aff | 1.20613239 | 0.3120989 | Inf | 3.86458337 | 1.112790e−04 | 1.883183e−04 |
| 61 | bon aff–chimp aff | –1.31798649 | 0.4580890 | Inf | –2.87714072 | 4.012966e−03 | 6.306089e−03 |
| 62 | bon aff–hum aff | –5.91857421 | 0.7345777 | Inf | –8.05711074 | 7.811887e−16 | 7.365494e−15 |
| 63 | bon aff–mac aff | –0.66033246 | 0.4377438 | Inf | –1.50849066 | 1.314290e−01 | 1.668137e−01 |
| 64 | chimp aff–hum aff | –4.60058772 | 0.6360309 | Inf | –7.23327664 | 4.714776e−13 | 2.393656e−12 |
| 65 | chimp aff–mac aff | 0.65765404 | 0.3282083 | Inf | 2.00376999 | 4.509470e−02 | 6.200522e−02 |
| 66 | hum aff–mac aff | 5.25824175 | 0.6759408 | Inf | 7.77914593 | 7.301580e−15 | 6.023803e−14 |
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SE: standard error (of the mean); df: degrees of freedom; p-value(unc): uncorrected p-value; p-value(FDR): p-value corrected for multiple comparisons. hum: human; chimp: chimpanzee; bon: bonobo; mac: macaque; aff: affiliative context (positive for nonhuman primates; happy voices for human); ago: agonistic context (threat and distress for nonhuman primates; angry and fearful voices for human).
Table 2
Activations, cluster size, and coordinates for each contrast of interest of Model 3 (vocalization loudness, intensity, change in spectrum, F2 bandwidth contour, F0 power, and intensity contour difference as trial-level covariates of no-interest) in the sample-specific temporal voice areas, whole-brain voxelwise p < 0.05 FDR corrected, k > 10.
| MNI coordinates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region label | Hemisphere | X | Y | Z | t-value | Cluster size (voxels) |
| Chimpanzee > human, bonobo, macaque | ||||||
| Superior temporal gyrus ant10 | L | –52 | –2 | –12 | 4.54 | 72 |
| Superior temporal gyrus ant11 | R | 54 | 0 | –12 | 3.19 | 19 |
| Chimpanzee > bonobo, macaque | ||||||
| Superior temporal gyrus ant13 | L | –54 | –2 | –12 | 5.03 | 100 |
| Superior temporal gyrus ant | L | –58 | –12 | –2 | 4.98 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus ant | L | –52 | 2 | –12 | 4.38 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus ant14 | R | 58 | –2 | –12 | 4.97 | 91 |
| Superior temporal sulcus ant | R | 54 | –8 | –12 | 4.3 | |
| Chimpanzee > human | ||||||
| Superior temporal gyrus ant12 | L | –50 | –4 | –12 | 2.7 | 10 |
| Superior temporal gyrus ant | L | –48 | –10 | –12 | 2.6 | |
| Human > chimpanzee | ||||||
| Superior temporal gyrus mid | L | –54 | –14 | 4 | 8.55 | 5392 |
| Supramarginal gyrus | L | –60 | –48 | 24 | 7.54 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus post | L | –54 | –58 | 18 | 6.88 | |
| Middle temporal gyrus mid | L | –66 | –22 | –8 | 6.39 | |
| Middle temporal gyrus post | L | –66 | –44 | –2 | 5.49 | |
| Supramarginal gyrus | R | 56 | –42 | 28 | 8.22 | 5250 |
| Supramarginal gyrus | R | 56 | –42 | 36 | 7.52 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus mid | R | 56 | –8 | 2 | 7.5 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus post | R | 50 | –48 | 22 | 6.23 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus post | R | 58 | –46 | 14 | 6.22 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus mid | R | 50 | –18 | 6 | 6.05 | |
| Superior temporal gyrus post | R | 60 | –46 | 18 | 5.99 | |
| Middle temporal gyrus post | R | 70 | –32 | 0 | 5.84 | |
| Middle temporal gyrus mid | R | 64 | –22 | –12 | 5.75 | |
| Middle temporal gyrus mid | R | 66 | –20 | –18 | 5.42 | |
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ant: anterior; mid: central part; post: posterior.
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10–14Figure S3 cluster labels.
Additional files
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Supplementary file 1
Supplementary tables including acoustic details and additional MRI data brain coordinates.
Supplementary file 1 contains: Table A, acoustic parameters selected among the eGemaps corpus using a general discriminant analysis (N = 16); Table B, Mahalanobis distance estimates for the two-way interaction between species and social context factors; Table C, MNI cluster coordinates for contrasts of interest of Model 1—including mean of fundamental frequency and energy as trial-level covariates; Table D, MNI cluster coordinates for contrasts of interest of Model 2—including acoustic distance for the human voice as trial-level covariate; Table E, acoustic differences between chimpanzee and bonobo calls, per social context.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/108795/elife-108795-supp1-v1.docx
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MDAR checklist
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/108795/elife-108795-mdarchecklist1-v1.docx
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Sensitivity of the human temporal voice areas to nonhuman primate vocalizations
eLife 14:RP108795.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.108795.3
