TY - JOUR TI - A Toll-receptor map underlies structural brain plasticity AU - Li, Guiyi AU - Forero, Manuel G AU - Wentzell, Jill S AU - Durmus, Ilgim AU - Wolf, Reinhard AU - Anthoney, Niki C AU - Parker, Mieczyslaw AU - Jiang, Ruiying AU - Hasenauer, Jacob AU - Strausfeld, Nicholas James AU - Heisenberg, Martin AU - Hidalgo, Alicia A2 - Bellen, Hugo J A2 - Banerjee, Utpal VL - 9 PY - 2020 DA - 2020/02/18 SP - e52743 C1 - eLife 2020;9:e52743 DO - 10.7554/eLife.52743 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.52743 AB - Experience alters brain structure, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Structural plasticity reveals that brain function is encoded in generative changes to cells that compete with destructive processes driving neurodegeneration. At an adult critical period, experience increases fiber number and brain size in Drosophila. Here, we asked if Toll receptors are involved. Tolls demarcate a map of brain anatomical domains. Focusing on Toll-2, loss of function caused apoptosis, neurite atrophy and impaired behaviour. Toll-2 gain of function and neuronal activity at the critical period increased cell number. Toll-2 induced cycling of adult progenitor cells via a novel pathway, that antagonized MyD88-dependent quiescence, and engaged Weckle and Yorkie downstream. Constant knock-down of multiple Tolls synergistically reduced brain size. Conditional over-expression of Toll-2 and wek at the adult critical period increased brain size. Through their topographic distribution, Toll receptors regulate neuronal number and brain size, modulating structural plasticity in the adult brain. KW - Drosophila KW - structural plasticity KW - neurodegeneration KW - neuron KW - Toll KW - Yorkie KW - wek KW - adult neurogenesis KW - brain KW - critical period KW - adul progenitor cells KW - MyD88 KW - quiescence KW - neuronal activity JF - eLife SN - 2050-084X PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd ER -