1. Computational and Systems Biology
  2. Neuroscience

A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain

  1. Louis K Scheffer  Is a corresponding author
  2. C Shan Xu
  3. Michal Januszewski
  4. Zhiyuan Lu
  5. Shin-ya Takemura
  6. Kenneth J Hayworth
  7. Gary B Huang
  8. Kazunori Shinomiya
  9. Jeremy Maitlin-Shepard
  10. Stuart Berg
  11. Jody Clements
  12. Philip M Hubbard
  13. William T Katz
  14. Lowell Umayam
  15. Ting Zhao
  16. David Ackerman
  17. Tim Blakely
  18. John Bogovic
  19. Tom Dolafi
  20. Dagmar Kainmueller
  21. Takashi Kawase
  22. Khaled A Khairy
  23. Laramie Leavitt
  24. Peter H Li
  25. Larry Lindsey
  26. Nicole Neubarth
  27. Donald J Olbris
  28. Hideo Otsuna
  29. Eric T Trautman
  30. Masayoshi Ito
  31. Alexander S Bates
  32. Jens Goldammer
  33. Tanya Wolff
  34. Robert Svirskas
  35. Philipp Schlegel
  36. Erika Neace
  37. Christopher J Knecht
  38. Chelsea X Alvarado
  39. Dennis A Bailey
  40. Samantha Ballinger
  41. Jolanta A Borycz
  42. Brandon S Canino
  43. Natasha Cheatham
  44. Michael Cook
  45. Marisa Dreher
  46. Octave Duclos
  47. Bryon Eubanks
  48. Kelli Fairbanks
  49. Samantha Finley
  50. Nora Forknall
  51. Audrey Francis
  52. Gary Patrick Hopkins
  53. Emily M Joyce
  54. SungJin Kim
  55. Nicole A Kirk
  56. Julie Kovalyak
  57. Shirley A Lauchie
  58. Alanna Lohff
  59. Charli Maldonado
  60. Emily A Manley
  61. Sari McLin
  62. Caroline Mooney
  63. Miatta Ndama
  64. Omotara Ogundeyi
  65. Nneoma Okeoma
  66. Christopher Ordish
  67. Nicholas Padilla
  68. Christopher M Patrick
  69. Tyler Paterson
  70. Elliott E Phillips
  71. Emily M Phillips
  72. Neha Rampally
  73. Caitlin Ribeiro
  74. Madelaine K Robertson
  75. Jon Thomson Rymer
  76. Sean M Ryan
  77. Megan Sammons
  78. Anne K Scott
  79. Ashley L Scott
  80. Aya Shinomiya
  81. Claire Smith
  82. Kelsey Smith
  83. Natalie L Smith
  84. Margaret A Sobeski
  85. Alia Suleiman
  86. Jackie Swift
  87. Satoko Takemura
  88. Iris Talebi
  89. Dorota Tarnogorska
  90. Emily Tenshaw
  91. Temour Tokhi
  92. John J Walsh
  93. Tansy Yang
  94. Jane Anne Horne
  95. Feng Li
  96. Ruchi Parekh
  97. Patricia K Rivlin
  98. Vivek Jayaraman
  99. Marta Costa
  100. Gregory SXE Jefferis
  101. Kei Ito
  102. Stephan Saalfeld
  103. Reed George
  104. Ian A Meinertzhagen
  105. Gerald M Rubin
  106. Harald F Hess
  107. Viren Jain
  108. Stephen M Plaza  Is a corresponding author
  1. Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States
  2. Google Research, United States
  3. Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Canada
  4. Google Research, Google LLC, Switzerland
  5. Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
  6. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, United States
  7. Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
  8. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57443
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Cite this article
  1. Louis K Scheffer
  2. C Shan Xu
  3. Michal Januszewski
  4. Zhiyuan Lu
  5. Shin-ya Takemura
  6. Kenneth J Hayworth
  7. Gary B Huang
  8. Kazunori Shinomiya
  9. Jeremy Maitlin-Shepard
  10. Stuart Berg
  11. Jody Clements
  12. Philip M Hubbard
  13. William T Katz
  14. Lowell Umayam
  15. Ting Zhao
  16. David Ackerman
  17. Tim Blakely
  18. John Bogovic
  19. Tom Dolafi
  20. Dagmar Kainmueller
  21. Takashi Kawase
  22. Khaled A Khairy
  23. Laramie Leavitt
  24. Peter H Li
  25. Larry Lindsey
  26. Nicole Neubarth
  27. Donald J Olbris
  28. Hideo Otsuna
  29. Eric T Trautman
  30. Masayoshi Ito
  31. Alexander S Bates
  32. Jens Goldammer
  33. Tanya Wolff
  34. Robert Svirskas
  35. Philipp Schlegel
  36. Erika Neace
  37. Christopher J Knecht
  38. Chelsea X Alvarado
  39. Dennis A Bailey
  40. Samantha Ballinger
  41. Jolanta A Borycz
  42. Brandon S Canino
  43. Natasha Cheatham
  44. Michael Cook
  45. Marisa Dreher
  46. Octave Duclos
  47. Bryon Eubanks
  48. Kelli Fairbanks
  49. Samantha Finley
  50. Nora Forknall
  51. Audrey Francis
  52. Gary Patrick Hopkins
  53. Emily M Joyce
  54. SungJin Kim
  55. Nicole A Kirk
  56. Julie Kovalyak
  57. Shirley A Lauchie
  58. Alanna Lohff
  59. Charli Maldonado
  60. Emily A Manley
  61. Sari McLin
  62. Caroline Mooney
  63. Miatta Ndama
  64. Omotara Ogundeyi
  65. Nneoma Okeoma
  66. Christopher Ordish
  67. Nicholas Padilla
  68. Christopher M Patrick
  69. Tyler Paterson
  70. Elliott E Phillips
  71. Emily M Phillips
  72. Neha Rampally
  73. Caitlin Ribeiro
  74. Madelaine K Robertson
  75. Jon Thomson Rymer
  76. Sean M Ryan
  77. Megan Sammons
  78. Anne K Scott
  79. Ashley L Scott
  80. Aya Shinomiya
  81. Claire Smith
  82. Kelsey Smith
  83. Natalie L Smith
  84. Margaret A Sobeski
  85. Alia Suleiman
  86. Jackie Swift
  87. Satoko Takemura
  88. Iris Talebi
  89. Dorota Tarnogorska
  90. Emily Tenshaw
  91. Temour Tokhi
  92. John J Walsh
  93. Tansy Yang
  94. Jane Anne Horne
  95. Feng Li
  96. Ruchi Parekh
  97. Patricia K Rivlin
  98. Vivek Jayaraman
  99. Marta Costa
  100. Gregory SXE Jefferis
  101. Kei Ito
  102. Stephan Saalfeld
  103. Reed George
  104. Ian A Meinertzhagen
  105. Gerald M Rubin
  106. Harald F Hess
  107. Viren Jain
  108. Stephen M Plaza
(2020)
A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain
eLife 9:e57443.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57443
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  3. Download .RIS
29 figures, 12 tables and 5 additional files

Figures

Figure 1
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The hemibrain and some basic statistics.

The highlighted area shows the portion of the central brain that was imaged and reconstructed, superimposed on a grayscale representation of the entire Drosophila brain. For the table, a neuron is traced if all its main branches within the volume are reconstructed. A neuron is considered uncropped if most arbors (though perhaps not the soma) are contained in the volume. Others are considered cropped. Note: (1) our definition of cropped is somewhat subjective; (2) the usefulness of a cropped neuron depends on the application; and (3) some small fragments are known to be distinct neurons. For simplicity, we will often state that the hemibrain contains ≈25K neurons.

Figure 2
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The 13 slabs of the hemibrain, each flattened and co-aligned.

A vertical section at the level of the fan-shaped body is shown. Colors are arbitrary and added to the monochrome data to show brain regions, as defined below. Scale bar 50 μm.

Figure 3
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Examples of results of CycleGAN processing.

(a) Original EM data from tab 34 at a resolution of 16 nm / resolution, (b) EM data after CycleGAN processing, (c–d) FFN segmentation results with the 16 nm model applied to original and processed data, respectively. Scale bar in (a) represents 1 μm.

Figure 4
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Well-preserved membranes, darkly stained synapses, and smooth round neurite profiles are characteristics of the hemibrain sample.

Panel (A) shows polyadic synapses, with a red arrow indicating the presynaptic T-bar, and white triangles pointing to the PSDs. We identified in total 64 million PSDs and 9.5 million T-bars in the hemibrain volume (Figure 1). Thus the average number of PSDs per T-bar in our sample is 6.7. Mitochondria (‘M’), synaptic vesicles (‘SV’), and the scale bar (0.5 μm) are shown. Panel (B) shows a horizontal cross section through a point cloud of all detected synapses. This EM point cloud defines many of the compartments in the fly’s brain, much like an optical image obtained using antibody nc82 (an antibody against Bruchpilot, a component protein of T-bars) to stain synapses. This point cloud is used to generate the transformation from our sample to the standard Drosophila brain.

Figure 5
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Precision and recall for synapse prediction, panel (A) for T-bars, and panel (B) for synapses as a whole including the identification of PSDs.

T-bar identification is better than PSD identification since this organelle is both more distinct and typically occurs in larger neurites. Each dot is one brain region. The size of the dot is proportional to the volume of the region. Humans proofreaders typically achieve 0.9 precision/recall on T-bars and 0.8 precision/recall on PSDs, indicated in purple. Data available in Figure 5—source datas 1–2.

Figure 5—source data 1

Data for Figure 5A.

Column A: precision; column B: recall; column C: region size.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig5-data1-v4.csv
Figure 5—source data 2

Data for Figure 5B.

Column A: precision; column B: recall; column C: region size.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig5-data2-v4.csv
Figure 6
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Division of the sample into brain regions.

(A) A vertical section of the hemibrain dataset with synapse point clouds (white), predicted glial tissue (green), and predicted fiber bundles (magenta). (B) Grayscale image overlaid with segmented neuropils at the same level as (A). (C) A frontal view of the reconstructed neuropils. Scale bar: (A, B) 50 μm.

Figure 7
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Reconstructed brain regions and substructures.

(A, B) Dorsal views of the olfactory projection neurons (PNs) and the innervated neuropils, AL, CA, and LH. Uniglomerular PNs projecting through the mALT are shown in (A), and multiglomerular PNs are shown in (B). (C, D) Columnar visual projection neurons. Each subtype of cells is color coded. LC cells are shown in (C), and LPC, LLPC, and LPLC cells are shown in (D). (E, F) The nine layers of the fan-shaped body (FB), along with the asymmetrical bodies (AB) and the noduli (NO), displayed as an anterior-ventral view (E), and a lateral view (F). In (E), three FB tangential cells (FB1D (blue), FB3A (green), FB8H (purple)) are shown as markers of the corresponding layers (FBl1, FBl3, and FBl8, respectively). (G) Zones in the ellipsoid body (EB) defined by the innervation patterns of different types of ring neurons. In this horizontal section of the EB, the left side shows the original grayscale data, and the seven ring neuron zones (see Table 1) are color-coded. The right side displays the seven segmented zones based on the innervation pattern, in a slightly different section. Scale bar: 20 μm.

Figure 8
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Quality checks of the brain compartments.

(A) Areas of the boundaries (in square microns) between adjacent neuropils, indicated on a log scale. (B) The number of excess crossings normalized by the area of neuropil boundary. Larger dots indicate a more uncertain boundary. Data available in Figure 8—source data 1.

Figure 8—source data 1

Data for Figure 8.

Column A: index number; column B: first ROI name; column C: second ROI name; column D: boundary area in square microns; column E: number of neurons crossings; column F: number of distinct neurons that cross; column G: (crossings - number of neurons) per area.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig8-data1-v4.csv
Figure 9
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An example of two neurons with very similar shapes but differing connectivities.

PEN1 is on the left, PEN2 on the right.

Figure 10
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Workflow for defining cell types.
Figure 11
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The number of cell types in each major brain region.

The total number of cell types shown in this graph is larger than the total number of cell types shown in Table 3, because types that arborize in multiple regions are counted in each region in which they occur. Data available in Figure 11—source data 1.

Figure 11—source data 1

Data for Figure 11.

Column A: region name; column B: number of cell types.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig11-data1-v4.csv
Figure 12
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Histogram showing the number of cell types with a given number of constituent cells.

Data available in Figure 12—source data 1.

Figure 12—source data 1

Data for Figure 12.

Column A: number of instances of a cell; column B: Number of cell types with that number of instances.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig12-data1-v4.csv
Figure 13
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Overview of the operation of CBLAST.
Figure 14
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Cells of nine types plotted according to their connectivities.

Coordinates are in arbitrary units after dimensionality reduction using UMAP (McInnes et al., 2018). The results largely agree with those from morphological clustering but in some cases show separation even between closely related types.

Figure 15
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Connection precision of upstream and downstream partners for ≈1000 cell types.

Data available in Figure 15—source data 1.

Figure 15—source data 1

Data on 1735 neurons, one per row.

The histograms shown are computed from the columns 'final upstream perc' and 'final downstream perc'.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig15-data1-v4.csv
Figure 16
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Difference between synapse counts in connections of the Ellipsoid Body, with increased completeness in proofreading.

Roughly 40,000 connection strengths are shown. Almost all points fall above the line Y = X, showing that almost all connections increased in synapse count, with very few decreasing. In particular, no path decreased by more than five synapses. Only two new strong (count >10) paths were found that were not present in the original. As proofreading proceeds, this error becomes less and less common since neuron fragments (orphans) are added in order of decreasing size (see text). Data available in Figure 16—source data 1.

Figure 16—source data 1

Data for Figure 16.

The first column is the synapse count before the additional proofreading, the second after. Each point includes a small random component so the points do not directly overlap.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig16-data1-v4.txt
Figure 17
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Overview of data representations of our reconstruction.

Circles are stored data representations, rectangles are application programs, ellipses represent users, and arrows indicate the direction of data flow labeled with transformation and/or format. Filled areas represent existing technologies and techniques; open areas were developed for the express purpose of EM reconstruction of large circuits.

Figure 18
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Schema for the neo4j graph model of the hemibrain.

Each neuron contains 0 or more SynapseSets, each of which contains one or more synapses. All the synapses in a SynapseSet connect the same two neurons. If the details of the synapses are not needed, the neuron-to-neuron weight can be obtained as a property on the ‘ConnectsTo’ relation, as can the distribution of this weight across different brain regions (the roiInfo).

Figure 19
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Comparison of the size and orientation of brain images.

Sagittal section images at the plane of the mushroom body pedunculus are shown. Parallel lines indicate the direction of serial sectioning. Purple dotted lines indicate the axes of the pedunculus to show the sample orientation. Numbers indicate the angles of the pedunculus axes relative to the horizontal axis. Scale bar: 50 μm for all images. CA: calyx of the mushroom body. Panel (a) Hemibrain EM image stack. Grayscale indicates the density of the points of the presynaptic T-bars (point clouds). (b) Confocal light microscopy image stack provided by the Insect Brain Name Working Group (Ito et al., 2014), of a female brain mounted in 80% glycerol after antibody labeling. Presynaptic sites are labeled by GFP fused with the synaptic vesicle-associated protein neuronal synaptobrevin (nSyb), driven by the pan-neuronal expression driver line elav-GAL4 C155. (c) JRC2018 Unisex brain template (Bogovic et al., 2020), which is an average of 36 female and 26 male brains mounted in DPX plastic after dehydration with ethanol and clearization with xylene. Presynaptic sites are labeled with the SNAP chemical tag knock-in construct inserted into the genetic locus of the active zone protein bruchpilot (brp). The relative sizes of the brains, measured as the height along the lines that are perpendicular to the pedunculus axes, are 100:83:70 for (a), (b), and (c). These differences in size and orientation must be taken into account when comparing the sections and reconstructed neurons of the hemibrain EM and registered light microscopy images.

Figure 20
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Plots of the percentage of pairs connected (of all possible) versus the number of interneurons required.

(a) It shows the data from the whole hemibrain, for up to eight interneurons. (b) It is a much wider view of the same data, shown on a log scale so the curve from a human designed system is visible. Data available in Figure 20—source datas 1–6.

Figure 20—source data 1

Data for threshold 1 trace.

The first column is the path length between two nodes, the second the number of pairs for which that is the length of the shortest path between them, and the third the cumulative fraction of all paths of that length or less.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig20-data1-v4.txt
Figure 20—source data 2

Data for threshold 3.

The first column is the path length between two nodes, the second the number of pairs for which that is the length of the shortest path between them, and the third the cumulative fraction of all paths of that length or less.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig20-data2-v4.txt
Figure 20—source data 3

Data for threshold 5 trace.

The first column is the path length between two nodes, the second the number of pairs for which that is the length of the shortest path between them, and the third the cumulative fraction of all paths of that length or less.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig20-data3-v4.txt
Figure 20—source data 4

Data for threshold 10 trace.

The first column is the path length between two nodes, the second the number of pairs for which that is the length of the shortest path between them, and the third the cumulative fraction of all paths of that length or less.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig20-data4-v4.txt
Figure 20—source data 5

Data for threshold 20 trace.

The first column is the path length between two nodes, the second the number of pairs for which that is the length of the shortest path between them, and the third the cumulative fraction of all paths of that length or less.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig20-data5-v4.txt
Figure 20—source data 6

Data for human designed trace.

The first column is the path length between two nodes, the second the number of pairs for which that is the length of the shortest path between them, and the third the cumulative fraction of all paths of that length or less.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig20-data6-v4.mm.txt
Figure 21
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The number of connections with a given strength.

Up to a strength of 100, this is well described by a power law (exponent −1.67) with exponential cutoff (at N = 42). Data available in Figure 21—source data 1.

Figure 21—source data 1

Data for Figure 21.

The first column is a synapse count of a connection. The second column tells how many connections of that strength exist.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig21-data1-v4.txt
Figure 22
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Large motifs searched for.

Squares represent abundant types with at least 20 instances. Circles represent sparse types with at most two instances. Panel (a) shows a clique, where all possible connections are present. (b) It shows bidirectional connections between a sparse type and all instances of an abundant type. (c) It shows unidirectional connections from all of an abundant type to a sparse type. Panel (d) illustrates a cell type that does not form a clique overall, but does within each of two compartments.

Figure 23
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One to many motifs found in the optic circuits.

Cell types consisting of a single cell, or a left-right pair, are shown at the top of the diagram. Corresponding cell type, each with many instances, are shown at the bottom of the diagram, with the number of cells per type shown inside. The arrows show the average count of synaptic connections per one cell of the bottom group. (a) An example of the most common case is shown. Here one cell, PLP008, has bidirectional connections to all 82 cells of type LC13. (b) It shows a single cell with exhaustive connections to several types. (c) It shows an alternative motif where several cells form these one-to-many connections.

Figure 24
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Neural connection patterns.

(a) An EPG neuron, with arbors in three compartments. (b) Two neurons that connect in more than one compartment, in this case the calyx and the lateral horn. They are each pre- and postsynaptic to each other in both compartments.

Figure 25
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Delay versus amplitude plots for a neuron.

(a) The linear response to inputs in the gall (GA) for an EPG neuron, which also has arbors in the ellipsoid body (EB) and the protocerebral bridge (PB). Each point in the modeled plot shows the time each response reached its peak amplitude (the delay), and the amplitude at that time, for an input injected at one of the PSDs in the gall. (b) Delays and amplitudes for gall to PB response, for all combinations of three values of cytoplasmic resistance RA and three values of membrane resistance RM. Data available in Figure 25—source datas 1–4.

Figure 25—source data 1

Data for Figure 25A (ellipsoid body).

The first column is the delay in milli-seconds, the second the amplitude in mv, the third the connection type.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig25-data1-v4.eb.txt
Figure 25—source data 2

Data for Figure 25A (gall).

The first column is the delay in milli-seconds, the second the amplitude in mv, the third the connection type.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig25-data2-v4.ga.txt
Figure 25—source data 3

Data for Figure 25A (protocerebral bridge).

The first column is the delay in milli-seconds, the second the amplitude in mv, the third the connection type.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig25-data3-v4.pb.txt
Figure 25—source data 4

Data for Figure 25B.

The first column is the delay in milli-seconds, the second the amplitude in mv, the third the connection type.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig25-data4-v4.txt
Figure 26
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Rent’s rule for the hemibrain.

The yellow region encompasses the theoretical bounds for computation. Four varieties of human-designed systems are shown. Those designed for visibility into computation achieve the upper bound, while those designed for minimum communication approach the lower bounds (Microprocessors ST7LU55, LPC1102, and STM32). Human designed systems where efficient packing is the main criterion occupy the shaded area (in 2D and 3D). The characteristics of the primary compartments completely contained in the reconstructed volume are shown with alphanumeric labels. The hemibrain compartments fall very nearly in the same range as human designed systems designed for efficient packing. Data available in Figure 26—source data 1.

Figure 26—source data 1

Data for Figure 26.

The first column is the compartment name, the second the number of TBars contained, and the fifth column the number of connections.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-fig26-data1-v4.txt
Appendix 1—figure 1
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Precision-recall plot of T-bar prediction.

The purple intercept indicates estimated manual agreement rate of 0.9. Data available in Appendix 1—figure 1—source data 1.

Appendix 1—figure 1—source data 1

Data for Appendix 1—figure 1.

Column A: initial recall; column B: initial precision; column C: cascade recall; column D: cascade precision.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-app1-fig1-data1-v4.csv
Appendix 1—figure 2
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Precision-recall plot of end-to-end synapse prediction.

The purple intercept indicates estimated manual agreement rate of 0.8. Data available in Appendix 1—figure 2—source data 1.

Appendix 1—figure 2—source data 1

Data for Appendix 1—figure 2.

Column A: initial recall; column B: initial precision; column C: cascade recall; column D: cascade precision; column E: hybrid recall; column F: hybrid precision; column G: synfulp recall; column H: synfulp precision.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-app1-fig2-data1-v4.csv
Appendix 1—figure 3
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Comparison of synful+ connection strength versus cascade connection strength (truncated at a connection strength of 500 for clarity, omitting 40 edges from each prediction set).

Data available in Appendix 1—figure 3—source data 1.

Appendix 1—figure 3—source data 1

Data for Appendix 1—figure 3.

Column A: cascade synapse count; column B: synfulp synapse count; column C: frequency of this pair in our data.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-app1-fig3-data1-v4.csv

Tables

Table 1
Brain regions contained and defined in the hemibrain, following the naming conventions of Ito et al., 2014 with the addition of (R) and (L) to specify the side of the soma for that region.

Italics indicate master regions not explicitly defined in the hemibrain. Region LA is not included in the volume. The regions are hierarchical, with the more indented regions forming subsets of the less indented. The only exceptions are dACA, lACA, and vACA which are considered part of the mushroom body but are not contained in the master region MB.

OL(R)Optic lobeCXCentral complexLH(R)Lateral horn
 LAlamina FBFan-shaped body
 ME(R)Medula  FBl1Fan-shaped body layer 1SNP(R)/(L)Superior neuropils
 AME(R)Accessory medulla  FBl2Fan-shaped body layer 2 SLP(R)Superior lateral protocerebrum
 LO(R)Lobula  FBl3Fan-shaped body layer 4 SIP(R)/(L)Superior intermediate protocerebrum
 LOP(R)Lobula plate  FBl4Fan-shaped body layer 4 SMP(R)(L)Superior medial protocerebrum
  FBl5Fan-shaped body layer 5
MB(R)/(L)Mushroom body  FBl6Fan-shaped body layer 6INPInferior neuropils
 CA(R)/(L)Calyx  FBl7Fan-shaped body layer 7 CRE(R)/(L)Crepine
 dACA(R)Dorsal accessory calyx  FBl8Fan-shaped body layer 8  RUB(R)/(L)Rubu 
 lACA(R)Lateral accessory calyx  FBl9Fan-shaped body layer 9  ROB(R)Round body
 vACA(R)Ventral accessory calyx EBEllipsoid body SCL(R)/(L)Superior clamp
 PED(R)Pedunculus  EBr1Ellipsoid body zone r1 ICL(R)/(L)Inferior clamp
 a’L(R)/(L)Alpha prime lobe  EBr2r4Ellipsoid body zone r2r4 IBInferior bridge
  a’1(R)Alpha prime lobe compartment 1  EBr3amEllipsoid body zone r3am ATL(R)/(L)Antler
  a’2(R)Alpha prime lobe compartment 2  EBr3dEllipsoid body zone r3d
  a’3(R)Alpha prime lobe compartment 3  EBr3pwEllipsoid body zone r3pwAL(R)/(L)Antennal lobe
 aL(R)/(L)Alpha lobe  EBr5Ellipsoid body zone r5
  a1(R)Alpha lobe compartment 1  EBr6Ellipsoid body zone r6VMNPVentromedial neuropils
  a2(R)Alpha lobe compartment 2 AB(R)/(L)Asymmetrical body VES(R)/(L)Vest
  a3(R)Alpha lobe compartment 3 PBProtocerebral bridge EPA(R)/(L)Epaulette
 gL(R)/(L)Gamma lobe  PB(R1)PB glomerulus R1 GOR(R)/(L)Gorget
  g1(R)Gamma lobe compartment 1  PB(R2)PB glomerulus R2 SPS(R)/(L)Superior posterior slope
  g2(R)Gamma lobe compartment 2  PB(R3)PB glomerulus R3 IPS(R)/(L)Inferior posterior slope
  g3(R)Gamma lobe compartment 3  PB(R4)PB glomerulus R4
  g4(R)Gamma lobe compartment 4  PB(R5)PB glomerulus R5PENPPariesophageal neuropils
  g5(R)Gamma lobe compartment 5  PB(R6)PB glomerulus R6 SADSaddle
 b’L(R)/(L)Beta prime lobe  PB(R7)PB glomerulus R7  AMMCAntennal mechanosensory and motor center
  b’1(R)Beta prime lobe compartment 1  PB(R8)PB glomerulus R8 FLA(R)Flange
  b’2(R)Beta prime lobe compartment 2  PB(R9)PB glomerulus R9 CAN(R)Cantle
 bL(R)/(L)Beta lobe  PB(L1)PB glomerulus L1 PRWprow
  b1(R)Beta lobe compartment 1  PB(L2)PB glomerulus L2
  b2(R)Beta lobe compartment 2  PB(L3)PB glomerulus L3GNGGnathal ganglia
  PB(L4)PB glomerulus L4
LX(R)/(L)Lateral complex  PB(L5)PB glomerulus L5Major Fiber bundles
 BU(R)/(L)Bulb  PB(L6)PB glomerulus L6 AOT(R)Anterior optic tract
 LAL(R)/(L)Lateral accessory lobe  PB(L7)PB glomerulus L7 GCGreat commissure
  GA(R)Gall  PB(L8)PB glomerulus L8 GF(R)Giant Fiber (single neuron)
  PB(L9)PB glomerulus L9 mALT(R)/(L)Medial antennal lobe tract
VLNP(R)Ventrolateral neuropils NONoduli POCPosterior optic commissure
 AOTU(R)Anterior optic tubercle  NO1(R)/(L)Nodulus 1
 AVLP(R)Anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum  NO2(R)/(L)Nodulus 2
 PVLP(R)Posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum  NO3(R)/(L)Nodulus 3
 PLP(R)Posterior lateral cerebrum
 WED(R)Wedge
Table 2
Regions with ≥50% included in the hemibrain, sorted by completion percentage.

The approximate percentage of the region included in the hemibrain volume is shown as ‘%inV’. ‘T-bars’ gives a rough estimate of the size of the region. ‘comp%’ is the fraction of the post-synaptic densities (PSDs) contained in the brain region for which both the PSD and the corresponding T-bar are in neurons marked ‘Traced’.

Name%inVT-barscomp%Name%inVT-barscomp%
PED(R)100%5480585%aL(R)100%9537584%
b’L(R)100%6769583%bL(R)100%7111283%
gL(R)100%17678583%a’L(R)100%3909182%
EB100%16428681%bL(L)56%5879981%
NO100%3672279%b’L(L)88%5780278%
gL(L)55%13325676%CA(R)100%6951773%
AB(R)100%273465%aL(L)51%4480362%
FB100%45103162%AL(R)83%50100459%
AB(L)100%57257%PB100%4655755%
AME(R)100%604551%BU(R)100%938546%
CRE(R)100%13794640%AOTU(R)100%9257838%
LAL(R)100%23438838%SMP(R)100%51093734%
PVLP(R)100%47521930%ATL(R)100%2547229%
SPS(R)100%25381829%ATL(L)100%2815329%
VES(R)84%15716829%IB100%20044728%
CRE(L)90%13265628%SIP(R)100%18749326%
BU(L)52%701426%GOR(R)100%2714026%
WED(R)100%23289825%SMP(L)100%46078426%
EPA(R)100%3143826%PLP(R)100%42994926%
AVLP(R)100%63053823%ICL(R)100%20254923%
SLP(R)100%48779523%LO(R)64%85525122%
SCL(R)100%18956922%GOR(L)60%1955821%
LH(R)100%23166219%CAN(R)68%651216%
Table 3
Summary of the numbers and types of the neurons in the hemibrain EM dataset.

m-types is the number of morphology types; c-types the number of connectivity types; and c/t the average number of cells per connectivity type. Brain regions with repetitive array architecture tend to have higher average numbers of cells per type (see Figure 12). The cell number includes ≈4000 neurons on the contralateral side, and the percentage of contralateral cells varies between 0 and ≈50% depending on the category. For example, the central complex includes neurons on both sides of the brain, the mushroom body neurons are identified mostly on the right side, and many left-side antennal lobe sensory neurons are included as they tend to terminate bilaterally. Because of these differences, the figures shown above do not indicate the number of cells (or cell number per type) per brain side.

Brain regions (neuropils) or neuron typesCellsm-typesc-typesC/tNotes
Central complex neuropil neurons282622426210.8
Mushroom body neuropil neurons2315728028.9Including MB-associated DANs
Mushroom body neuropil neurons2003515139.3Excluding MB-associated DANs
Dopaminergic neurons (DANs)33535437.8Including MB-associated DANs
Dopaminergic neurons (DANs)2314141.7Excluding MB-associated DANs
Octopaminergic neurons1910101.9
Serotonergic (5HT) neurons9551.8
Peptidergic and secretory neurons5112143.6
Circadian clock neurons27773.9
Fruitless gene expressing neurons8429302.8
Visual projection neurons and lobula intrinsic neurons372316016023.3
Descending neurons10351512.0
Sensory associated neurons2768676741.3
Antennal lobe neuropil neurons6042842942.1
Lateral horn neuropil neurons14965176832.2
Anterior optic tubercle neuropil neurons24377803.0
Antler neuropil neurons8145451.8
Anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons12765966292.0
Clamp neuropil neurons7463643822.0
Crepine neuropil neurons3331081152.9
Inferior bridge neuropil neurons2641191192.2
Lateral accessory lobe neuropil neurons4292042062.1
Posterior lateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons4802552601.8
Posterior slope neuropil neurons6213033112.0
Posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons3481511562.2
Saddle neuropil and antennal mechanosensory and motor center neurons21996992.2
Superior lateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons10964684942.2
Superior intermediate protocerebrum neuropil neurons22090922.4
Superior medial protocerebrum neuropil neurons14946056292.4
Vest neuropil neurons13784851.6
Wedge neuropil neurons5592122302.4
Total22,594522956094.0
Table 4
Regions with minimum or maximum characteristics, picked from those regions lying wholly within the reconstructed volume and containing at least 100 neurons.

Yellow indicates a minimum value; blue a maximal value. Volume is in cubic microns. N is the number of neurons in the region, L the number of connections between those neurons, ⟨k⟩ the average number of partners (in the region), D the network diameter (the maximum length of the shortest path between neurons), ⟨str⟩ the average connection strength, broken up into non-reciprocal and reciprocal. fracR is the fraction of connections that are reciprocal, and AvgDist the average number of hops (one hop corresponding to a direct synaptic connection) between any two neurons in the compartment.

NameVolumeNL⟨k⟩D⟨str⟩⟨non-r⟩⟨r⟩fracRAvgDist
MB(R)3093713514574732163.55583.2753.0813.3880.6322.215
bL(R)29695117110825092.44282.0191.8562.1220.6132.090
EB9393255558789105.926510.0874.61012.2150.7201.798
AB(L)526100125012.50042.1821.7652.6870.4531.938
PLP(R)367711691324418235.322152.7912.4793.8660.2253.148
SNP(R)1076257913081127988.859133.0262.5524.5390.2392.724
RUB(L)8341286234.86767.3132.76620.2530.2602.727
EPA(R)2994714831884812.709132.2242.1522.7000.1313.471
Table 5
Cell types that form cliques and near-cliques in the hemibrain data.

To be included, a cell type must have at least 20 cell instances, 90% or more of which have bidirectional connections to at least 90% of cells of the same type. Coverage is the fraction of all possible edges in the clique that are present with any synapse count >0. Average strength is the average number of synapses in each connection. Synapses is the total number of synapses in the clique.

TypeRegionCellsCoverageAvg. strengthSynapses
KCab-pMB59/603455/35405.1317722
Delta7PB, CX42/421719/172214.2124433
ER2_cEB, CX21/21420/42033.7614180
ER3wEB, CX20/20380/38028.0010639
ER4dEB, CX25/25600/60054.9432961
ER5EB, CX20/20380/38026.6110111
PFNaNO(R)29/29811/8126.745467
PFNaNO(L)29/29811/8127.225858
PFNdNO(R)20/20377/3807.692899
PFNdNO(L)20/20378/3807.602874
Table 6
Values reported in the literature.
ReferenceRa,Ω⋅mRm,Ω/m2Cm, F/m2
Borst (Borst and Haag, 1996), CH cells0.600.250.015
Borst (Borst and Haag, 1996), HS cells0.400.200.009
Borst (Borst and Haag, 1996), VS cells0.400.200.008
Gouwens (Gouwens and Wilson, 2009), DM1 cell 11.620.830.026
Gouwens (Gouwens and Wilson, 2009), DM1 cell 21.022.040.015
Gouwens (Gouwens and Wilson, 2009), DM1 cell 32.662.080.008
Gouwens (Gouwens and Wilson, 2009), dendrite 12.441.920.008
Gouwens (Gouwens and Wilson, 2009), dendrite 22.662.080.008
Gouwens (Gouwens and Wilson, 2009), dendrite 33.112.640.006
Cuntz (Cuntz et al., 2013), HS cells4.000.820.006
Meier (Meier and Borst, 2019), CT1 cells4.000.800.006
Appendix 1—table 1
FIB-SEM imaging conditions.
Sample IDElectron beam energy (kV)Sample bias (kV)Landing energy (kV)SEM current (nA)SEM scan rate (MHz)x-y pixel (nm)z-step (nm)
Z0115-22_Sec221.201.24482
Z0115-22_Sec231.201.24482
Z0115-22_Sec240.60.61.24282
Z0115-22_Sec250.60.61.24282
Z0115-22_Sec260.60.61.24282
Z0115-22_Sec270.60.61.24282
Z0115-22_Sec281.201.24482
Z0115-22_Sec291.201.24482
Z0115-22_Sec301.201.24482
Z0115-22_Sec311.201.24484
Z0115-22_Sec321.201.24484
Z0115-22_Sec331.201.24484
Z0115-22_Sec341.201.24484
Appendix 1—table 2
Bounding boxes within the hemibrain volume used for training CycleGAN models.

Coordinates and sizes are given for [32 nm]3 voxels. The same physical area of the hemibrain volume was used to train both 32 nm and 16 nm CycleGAN models.

TabStartSize
XYZXYZ
reference463337922000137420002000
2280894030174451820002000
2374353925210165420002000
2467132939409472220002000
2560172895363569420002000
2839804944349563820002000
2933072414409466620002000
3026492519409465720002000
3119792750409467020002000
3213123065409466720002000
336683101352066320002000
3413112352066020002000
Appendix 1—table 3
ROIs within the hemibrain volume used for CycleGAN checkpoint selection.
TabVoxel Res. [nm]StartSize
XYZXYZ
2232809243925447500936936
2332743524794979500936936
2432671754144873500936936
2532601039606235500936936
2832397125912954500936936
2932347142522224500936936
3032265029954875500936936
3132198231964875500936936
3232131131414873500936936
333266428504875500936936
343201900450050050002500
221616080835398711034936936
25161190012657126361406936936
2516119005266105781408936936
28167900927946131297936936
29166550852046131333936936
30165250799775101315936936
31163860774975101340936936
32162550948242251334936936
331612807176122651298936936
341607587122651328936936
Appendix 1—table 4
Criteria for agglomerating priority groups.

If an agglomeration decision fulfills the criteria for multiple priority groups, it is assigned to the one with the lowest resulting score.

GroupSegmentationCriterionScore
1S32(dA≤0.02∨dB≤0.02)∧(f∗∗≥0.6∧JAB≥0.8)1-JA⁢B
2S16(dA≤0.02∨dB≤0.02)∧(f∗∗≥0.6∧JAB≥0.8)∧(Amax=0∨Bmax=0)∧
A and B are classified as neuropil		2-JA⁢B
3S16(dA≤0.02∨dB≤0.02)∧(f∗∗≥0.6∧JAB≥0.8)∧(Amax=0∨Bmax=0)3-JA⁢B
4S16(dA≤0.02∨dB≤0.02)∧(f**≥0.6∧JA⁢B≥0.8)∧
A and B are classified as neuropil		4-JA⁢B
5S16(dA≤0.02∨dB≤0.02)∧(f**≥0.6∧JA⁢B≥0.8)5-JA⁢B
6S32(f**≥0.6∧JA⁢B≥0.4)∧(Am⁢a⁢x=0∨Bm⁢a⁢x=0)∧ A and B are classified as neuropil6-JA⁢B
7S16(f**≥0.6∧JA⁢B≥0.4)∧(Am⁢a⁢x=0∨Bm⁢a⁢x=0)7-JA⁢B
8S16(f**≥0.6∧JA⁢B≥0.4)∧
A and B are classified as neuropil		8-JA⁢B
9S16(f**≥0.6∧JA⁢B≥0.4)9-JA⁢B
10S8None11-JA⁢B
11S32None12−max(min(fAA,fAB),min(fBA,fBB))
12S16None13−max(min(fAA,fAB),min(fBA,fBB))
Appendix 1—table 5
Corresponding short and anatomical names for cell types in the central complex.

These types were determined by different methods and different researchers, using different criteria.

ShortLongShortLongShortLongShortLong
vDeltaA_aAFFB3BEBCREFB3FB6C_aSIPSMPFB6_1FC2BFB1d,3,5,6CRE
vDeltaA_bFB1D0FB8FB3CLALSMPFB3FB6C_bSIPSMPFB6_1FC2CFB1d,3,6,7CRE
vDeltaBFB1D0FB7_1FB3DLALCREFB3FB6DSMPFB6FC3FB2,3,5,6CRE
vDeltaCFB1D0FB7_2FB3ESMPLALFB3FB6ESIPSMPFB6_2FR1FB2-5RUB
vDeltaDFB1D0FB6FB4ACRESMPFB4_1FB6FSMPSIPFB6_3FR2FB2-4RUB
vDeltaEFB1,2,3D0FB6vFB4BNO2LALFB4FB6GSIPSMPFB6_3FS1AFB2-6SMPSMP
vDeltaFFB1,2,3D0FB5dFB4CCRENO2FB4_1FB6HSMPSIPFB6_4FS1BFB2,5,SMPSMP
vDeltaGFB1,2D0FB5dFB4DCRESMPFB4_2FB6ISMPSIPFB6_5FS2FB3,6SMP
vDeltaHFB1,2D0FB5FB4ECRELALFB4_1FB6JFB6_1FS3FB1d,3,6,7SMP
vDeltaIFB1D0FB5FB4F_aCRELALFB4_2FB6KSMPSIPFB6_6FS4AFB3,8ABSMP
vDeltaJFB1D0FB5vFB4F_bCRELALFB4_2FB6LFB6_2FB1,3,8SMP
vDeltaKFB1vD0FB4d5vFB4GCRELALFB4_3FB6MWEDLALFB6FS4BFB2,8ABSMP
vDeltaLFB1vD0FB4FB4HCRELALFB4_4FB6NCRESMPFB6_1FB1,2,8SMP
vDeltaMFB1vD0FB4FB4ILALCREFB4FB6OSIPSMPFB6_4FS4CFB2,6,7SMP
hDeltaAFB4D5FB4FB4JCRELALFB4_5FB6PSMPCREFB6_1GLNOLGNO
hDeltaBFB3,4vD5FB3,4vFB4KCRESMPFB4_3FB6QSIPSMPFB6_5IbSpsPIbSpsP
hDeltaCFB2,6D7FB6FB4LLALSIPFB4FB6RSMPSIPFB6_7LCNOpLCNp
hDeltaDFB1,8D3FB8FB4MCRENO2FB4_2FB6SSIPSMPFB6_6LCNOpmLCNpm
hDeltaEFB1,7D3FB7FB4NSMPCREFB4FB6TSIPSMPFB6_7LNO1LNO1
hDeltaFFB1,6d,7D2FB6,7FB4OCRESMPFB4dFB6USMPCREFB6_2LNO2LNO2
hDeltaGFB2,3,5d6vD3FB6vFB4P_aCRESMPFB4_ 4FB6VSMPCREFB6_3LNO3LNO3
hDeltaHFB2d,4D3FB5FB4P_bCRESMPFB4_ 4FB6WCRESMPFB6_2LNOaLNa
hDeltaIFB2,3,4,5D5FB4,5vFB4Q_aCRESMPFB4_5FB6XSMPCREFB6_4LPsPLPsP
hDeltaJFB1,2,3,4D5FB4,5FB4Q_bCRESMPFB4_5FB6YSMPSIPFB6_8Delta7Delta7
hDeltaKEBFB3,4D5FB6FB4RCREFB4FB6ZSMPSIPFB6_9ELEBGAs
hDeltaLFB2,6D5FB6dFB4XCRESIPFB4,5FB7ASIPSLPFB7EPGEPG
hDeltaMFB2,4D3FB5FB4YEBCREFB4,5FB7BSMPSLPFB7EPGtEPGt
FB1ASMPSIPFB1,3FB4ZFB4d5vFB7CSMPSIPFB7_1P1-9PBPB
FB1BSMPSLPFB1dFB5ALALCREFB5FB7DFB7,6P6-8P9P6-8P9
FB1CLALNOmFB1FB5AASMPCREFB5_10FB7ESMPSIPFB7_2PEGPEG
FB1DSLPFB1dFB5ABSIPCREFB5dFB7FSMPSIPFB7_3PEN_a(PEN1)PEN1
FB1E_aSIPSMPFB1dFB5BSMPSIPFB5d_1FB7GSMPFB7,8PEN_b(PEN2)PEN2
FB1E_bSLPSIPFB1dFB5CSMPCREFB5_1FB7HSMPFB7PFGsPFGs
FB1FSMPSIPFB1dFB5DCRESMPFB5_1FB7ISMPSIPFB7,6PFL1PFLC
FB1GSMPSIPFB1d,3FB5ECRESMPFB5_2FB7JFB7,8PFL2PB1-4FB1,2,4,5LAL
FB1HCRENO2,3FB1-4FB5FSMPCREFB5_2FB7KSLPSIPFB7PFL3PB1-7FB1,2,4,5LAL
FB1ISMPSIPFB1d,7FB5GSMPSIPFB5,6FB7LSMPSIPFB7_4PFNaPFNa
FB1JSLPSIPFB1,7,8FB5HCRESMPFB5_3FB7MSMPSIPFB7_5PFNdPFNd
FB2ANOaLALFB2FB5ISMPCREFB5_3FB8ASLPSMPFB8_1PFNm_aPFNm_a
FB2B_aLALCREFB2_1FB5JSMPFB5FB8BPLPSLPFB8PFNm_bPFNm_b
FB2B_bLALCREFB2_1FB5KCREFB5FB8CSMPFB8PFNp_aPFNp_a
FB2CSMPCREFB2_1FB5LCRESMPFB5_4FB8DSLPSMPFB8_2PFNp_bPFNp_b
FB2DLALCREFB2_2FB5MCRESMPFB5_5FB8ESMPSIPFB8_1PFNp_cPFNp_c
FB2ESCLSMPFB2FB5NSMPCREFB5_4FB8F_aSIPSLPFB8PFNp_dPFNp_d
FB2F_aSIPSMPFB2FB5OSMPCREFB5_5FB8F_bSIPSLPFB8PFNp_ePFNp_e
FB2F_bSIPSMPFB2FB5PSMPCREFB5_6FB8GSMPSIPFB8_2PFNvPFNv
FB2F_cSIPSMPFB2FB5QSMPCREFB5dFB8HSMPSLPFB8PFR_aPFR_a
FB2G_aSMPSIPFB2FB5RFB5FB8ISMPSIPFB8_3PFR_bPFR_b
FB2G_bSIPLALFB2FB5SFB5d,6vFB9ASLPFB9_1SA1_aSlpA
FB2H_aSIPSCLFB2FB5TCRESMPFB5_6FB9B_aSLPFB9_2SA1_bSlpA
FB2H_bSIPSCLFB2FB5UFB5dFB9B_bSLPFB9_2SA1_cSlpA
FB2I_aSMPATLFB2FB5VCRELALFB5FB9B_cSLPFB9_2SA2_aSlpA
FB2I_bSMPATLFB2FB5WSMPCREFB5_7FB9B_dSLPFB9_2SA2_bSlpA
FB2JSMPPLPFB2FB5XSMPCREFB5_8FB9B_eSLPFB9_2SA3SlpA
FB2KLALSMPFB2FB5YSMPSIPFB5d_2FB9C_aSLPFB9_2SAFSlpAF
FB2LSMPCREFB2_2FB5ZSMPCREFB5_9FB9C_bSLPFB9_2SpsPSpsP
FB2MSIPCREFB2FB6ASMPSIPFB6_1FC1FB2CRE
FB3ALALNO2FB3FB6BSMPSIPFB6_2FC2AFB1-5CRE
Appendix 1—table 6
Naming scheme for neurons.

The neuron types that are known to exist but are not yet identified conclusively in the hemibrain data are not shown in the list.

Connectivity types
 _a, _b, _c, _d, etc. at the end of the morphology type names shown below
Morphology types
Central complex neuropil neurons
 Delta7 (protocerebral bridge Delta seven between glomeruli)
 vDeltaA-M (fan-shaped body vertical Delta within a single column [type ID])
 hDeltaA-M (fan-shaped body horizontal Delta across columns [type ID])
 EL (Ellipsoid body - Lateral accessory lobe)
 EPG (Ellipsoid body - Protocerebral bridge - Gall)
 EPGt (Ellipsoid body - Protocerebral bridge - Gall tip)
 ER1-6 (Ellipsoid body Ring neuron [type ID])
 ExR1-8 (Extrinsic Ring neuron [type ID])
 FB1A-9C (Fan-shaped Body [layer ID][type ID])
 FC1A-3 (Fan-shaped body - Crepine [type ID])
 FR1, 2 (Fan-shaped body - Rubus [type ID])
 FS1A-4C (Fan-shaped body - Superior medial protocerebrum [type ID])
 IbSpsP (Inferior bridge - Superior posterior slope - Protocerebral bridge)
 LCNOp, pm (Lateral accessory lobe - Crepine - NOduli [compartment ID])
 LNOa (Lateral accessory lobe - NOduli [compartment ID])
 LNO1-3 (Lateral accessory lobe - NOduli [type ID])
 GLNO (Gall - Lateral accessory lobe - Noduli)
 LPsP (Lateral accessory lobe - Posterior slope - Protocerebral bridge)
 P1-9 (Protocerebral bridge [glomerulus ID])
 P6-8P9 (Protocerebral bridge [glomerulus ID1] Protocerebral bridge [glomerulus ID2])
 PEG (Protocerebral bridge - Ellipsoid body - Gall)
 PEN_a(PEN1), _b(PEN2) (Protocerebral bridge - Ellipsoid body - Noduli [subtype ID])
 PFGs (Protocerebral bridge - Fan-shaped body - Gall surrounding region)
 PFL1-3 (Protocerebral bridge - Fan-shaped body - Lateral accessory lobe [type ID])
 PFNa, d, m, p, v (Protocerebral bridge - Fan-shaped body - Noduli [compartment ID])
 PFR (Protocerebral bridge - Fan-shaped body - Round body)
 SA1-3 (Superior medial protocerebrum - Asymmetrical body [type ID])
 SAF (Superior medial protocerebrum - Asymmetrical body - Fan-shaped body)
 SpsP (Superior posterior slope - Protocerebral bridge)
Mushroom body neuropil neurons
 KCab-c, m, p, s (Kenyon Cell alpha-beta lobe - [layer ID])
 KCa’b’-ap1, ap2, m (Kenyon Cell alpha’-beta’ lobe - [layer ID])
 KCg-d, m, s, t (Kenyon Cell gamma lobe - [layer ID])
 MBON01-35 (Mushroom Body Output Neuron [type ID])
 APL (Anterior Paired Lateral)
 DPM (Dorsal Paired Medial)
 MB-C1 (Mushroom Body - Calyx [type ID])
 PAM01-15 (MB-associated DAN, Protocerebral Anterior Medial cluster [type ID])
 PPL101-106 (MB-associated DAN, Protocerebral Posterior Lateral 1 cluster [type ID])
Dopaminergic neurons (DANs)
 PPL107, 08 (Protocerebral Posterior Lateral 1 cluster [type ID])
 PPL201-04 (Protocerebral Posterior Lateral 2 cluster [type ID])
 PPM1201-05 (Protocerebral Posterior Medial 1/2 clusters [type ID])
 PAL01-03 (Protocerebral/paired Anterior Lateral cluster [type ID])
Octopaminergic neurons
 OA-ASM1-3 (OctopAmine - Anterior Superior Medial [type ID])
 OA-VPM3, 4 (OctopAmine - ventral paired median [type ID])
 OA-VUMa1-7 (OctopAmine - ventral unpaired median anterior [type ID])
Serotonergic (5HT) neurons
 5-HTPLP01 (5-HT Posterior lateral protocerebrum [type ID])
 5-HTPMPD01 (Posterior medial protocerebrum, dorsal [type ID])
 5-HTPMPV01, 03 (Posterior medial protocerebrum, ventral [type ID])
 CSD (Serotonin-immunoreactive Deutocerebral neuron)
Peptidergic and secretory neurons
 AstA1 (Allatostatin A)
 CRZ01, 02 (Corazonin [type ID])
 DSKMP1A, 1B, 3 (Drosulfakinin medial protocerebrum [type ID])
 NPFL1-I (Neuropeptide F lateral large)
 NPFP1 (Neuropeptide F dorso median)
 PI1-3 (Pars Intercerebralis [type ID] Insulin Producing Cell candidates)
 SIFa (SIFamide)
Circadian clock neurons
 DN1a (Dorsal Neuron 1 anterior)
 DN1pA, B (Dorsal Neuron 1 posterior [type ID])
 l-LNv (large Lateral Neuron ventral)
 LNd (Lateral Neuron dorsal)
 LPN (Lateral Posterior Neuron)
 s-LNv (small Lateral Neuron ventral)
Fruitless gene expressing neurons
 aDT4 (anterior DeuTocerebrum [type ID])
 aIPg1-4 (anterior Inferior Protocerebrum [type ID])
 aSP-f1-4, g1-3B (anterior Superior Protocerebrum [type ID])
 aSP8, 10A-10C (anterior Superior Protocerebrum [type ID])
 pC1a-e (doublesex-expressing posterior Cells [type ID])
 oviDNa, b (Oviposition Descending Neuron [type ID])
 oviIN (Oviposition Inhibitory Neuron)
 SAG (Sex peptide Abdominal Ganglion)
 vpoDN (vaginal plate opening descending neuron)
 vpoEN (vaginal plate opening excitatory neuron)
Visual projection neurons and intrinsic neurons of the optic lobe
 aMe1-26 (accessory Medulla [type ID])
 CT1 (Complex neuropils Tangential [type ID])
 LC4, 6, 9–46 (Lobula Columnar [type ID])
 LLPC1-3 (Lobula - Lobula Plate Columnar [type ID])
 LPC1, 2 (Lobula Plate Columnar [type ID])
 LPLC1-4 (Lobula Plate - Lobula Columnar [type ID])
 LT1, 11, 33–47, 51–87 (Lobula Tangential [type ID])
 MC61-66 (Medulla Columnar [type ID])
 DCH (Dorsal Centrifugal Horizontal)
 H1, 2 (Horizontal [type ID])
 HSN, E, S (Horizontal System North, Equatorial, South)
 VS (Vertical System)
 VCH (Ventral Centrifugal Horizontal)
 Li11-20 (Lobula intrinsic [type ID])
 HBeyelet (Hofbauer-Buchner eyelet)
Descending neurons
 DNa01-10 (Descending Neuron cell body anterior dorsal [type ID])
 DNb01-06 (Descending Neuron cell body anterior ventral [type ID])
 DNd01 (Descending Neuron outside cell cluster on the anterior surface [type ID])
 DNg30 (Descending Neuron cell body in the gnathal ganglion [type ID])
 DNp02-49 (Descending Neuron cell body on the posterior surface of the brain [type ID])
 DNES1-3 (Descending Neuron going out to ESophagus [type ID])
 Giant_Fiber descending neuron
 MDN (Moonwalker Descending Neuron)
Sensory associated neurons
 ORN_D, DA1-4, DC1-4, DL1-5, DM1-6, DP1l, m, V, VA1-7m, VC1-5, VL1-2p, VM1-7v (Olfactory Receptor Neuron_ [glomerulus ID])
 TRN_VP1m, 2, 3 (Thermo-Receptor Neuron_ [glomerulus ID])
 HRN_VP1d, 1 l, 4, 5 (Hygro-Receptor Neuron_ [glomerulus ID])
 JO-ABC (Johnston’s Organ auditory receptor neuron- [AMMC zone ID])
 OCG01-08 (OCellar Ganglion neuron [type ID])
Antennal lobe neuropil neurons
 D_adPN, DA1_lPN, DC2_adPN, DL3_lPN, DM4_vPN, DP1l_adPN, VA1d_adPN, VC2_lPN, VL2p_vPN, VM7d_adPN, VP2_l2PN, etc. (uniglomerular [glomerulus ID] _ [cell cluster ID] Projection Neuron)
 VP1l+_lvPN, VP3+_vPN, etc. (uni+glomerular [glomerulus ID]+ _ [cell cluster ID] Projection Neuron, arborizing in a glomerulus and a few neighboring areas)
 VP1m+VP2_lvPN1, 2, VP4+VL1_l2PN, etc. (biglomerular [glomerulus ID1]+[glomerulus ID2] _ [cell cluster ID] Projec tion Neuron, arborizing in two glomeruli)
 M_smPNm1, 6t2, adPNm3-8, spPN4t9, 5t10, lPNm11A-13, l2PNm14-16, 3t17, 10t18, l19-22, m23, lvPNm24-48, lv2PN9t49, vPNml50-89, ilPNm90, 8t91, imPNl92 (Multiglomerular_ [cell cluster ID] Projection Neuron [antennal lobe tract ID][type ID])
 MZ_lvPN, lv2PN (Multiglomerular and subesophageal Zone _ [cell cluster ID] Projection Neuron)
 Z_lvPNm1, Z_vPNml1 (subesophageal Zone only _ [cell cluster ID] Projection Neuron [antennal lobe tract ID][type ID])
 lLN1, 2, 7–17, v2LN2-5, 30–50, il3LN6, l2LN18-23, vLN24-29 ([cell cluster ID] Local Neuron [type ID])
 mAL1-6, B1-5, C1-6, D1-4 (mediodorsal Antennal Lobe neuron [type ID])
 AL-AST1 (Antennal Lobe - Antenno-Subesophageal Tract [type ID])
 AL-MBDL1 (Antennal Lobe - Median BunDLe [type ID])
 ALBN1 (Antennal Lobe Bilateral Neuron [type ID])
 ALIN1-3 (Antennal Lobe INput neuron [type ID])
Lateral horn neuropil neurons
 LHAD1a1-4a1 (Lateral Horn Anterior Dorsal cell cluster [cell cluster ID][anatomy group ID][type ID])
 LHAV1a1-9a1 (Lateral Horn Anterior Ventral cell cluster [cell cluster ID][anatomy group ID][type ID])
 LHPD1a1-5f1 (Lateral Horn Posterior Dorsal cell cluster [cell cluster ID][anatomy group ID][type ID])
 LHPV1c1-12a1 (Lateral Horn Posterior Ventral cell cluster [cell cluster ID][anatomy group ID][type ID])
 LHCENT1-14 (Lateral Horn CENTrifugal [type ID])
 LHMB1 (Lateral Horn - Mushroom Body [type ID])
Anterior optic tubercle neuropil neurons
 AOTU001-065 (Anterior Optic TUbercle [type ID])
 TuBu01-10, A, B (anterior optic Tubercle - Bulb [type ID])
Antler neuropil neurons
 ATL001-045 (Antler [type ID])
Anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons
 AVLP001-596 (Anterior VentroLateral Protocerebrum [type ID])
Clamp neuropil neurons
 CL001-364 (CLamp [type ID])
Crepine neuropil neurons
 CRE001-108 (CREpine [type ID])
Inferior bridge neuropil neurons
 IB001-119 (Inferior Bridge [type ID])
Lateral accessory lobe neuropil neurons
 LAL001-204 (Lateral Accessory Lobe [type ID])
Posterior lateral protocerebrum neurons
 PLP001-255 (Posterior Lateral Protocerebrum [type ID])
Posterior slope neuropil neurons
 PS001-303 (Posterior Slope [type ID])
Posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons
 PVLP001-151 (Posterior VentroLateral Protocerebrum [type ID])
Saddle neuropil and antennal mechanosensory and motor center neurons
 SAD001-095 (SADdle [type ID])
 AMMC-A1 (Antennal Mechanosensory and Motor Center- [type ID])
Superior lateral protocerebrum neuropil neurons
 SLP001-468 (Superior Lateral Protocerebrum [type ID])
Superior intermediate protocerebrum neuropil neurons
 SIP001-90 (Superior Intermediate Protocerebrum [type ID])
Superior medial protocerebrum neuropil neurons
 SMP001-604 (Superior Medial Protocerebrum [type ID])
 DGI (Dorsal Giant Interneuron)
Vest neuropil neurons
 VES001-84 (VESt [type ID])
Wedge neuropil neurons
 WED001-183 (WEDge [type ID])
 WEDPN1-19 (WEDge Projection Neuron [type ID])

Additional files

Supplementary file 1

Spreadsheet of instances of sparse-to-many connections.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-supp1-v4.xlxs
Transparent reporting form
https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-transrepform-v4.docx
Appendix 1—figure 1—source data 1

Data for Appendix 1—figure 1.

Column A: initial recall; column B: initial precision; column C: cascade recall; column D: cascade precision.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-app1-fig1-data1-v4.csv
Appendix 1—figure 2—source data 1

Data for Appendix 1—figure 2.

Column A: initial recall; column B: initial precision; column C: cascade recall; column D: cascade precision; column E: hybrid recall; column F: hybrid precision; column G: synfulp recall; column H: synfulp precision.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-app1-fig2-data1-v4.csv
Appendix 1—figure 3—source data 1

Data for Appendix 1—figure 3.

Column A: cascade synapse count; column B: synfulp synapse count; column C: frequency of this pair in our data.

https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/57443/elife-57443-app1-fig3-data1-v4.csv

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  1. Louis K Scheffer
  2. C Shan Xu
  3. Michal Januszewski
  4. Zhiyuan Lu
  5. Shin-ya Takemura
  6. Kenneth J Hayworth
  7. Gary B Huang
  8. Kazunori Shinomiya
  9. Jeremy Maitlin-Shepard
  10. Stuart Berg
  11. Jody Clements
  12. Philip M Hubbard
  13. William T Katz
  14. Lowell Umayam
  15. Ting Zhao
  16. David Ackerman
  17. Tim Blakely
  18. John Bogovic
  19. Tom Dolafi
  20. Dagmar Kainmueller
  21. Takashi Kawase
  22. Khaled A Khairy
  23. Laramie Leavitt
  24. Peter H Li
  25. Larry Lindsey
  26. Nicole Neubarth
  27. Donald J Olbris
  28. Hideo Otsuna
  29. Eric T Trautman
  30. Masayoshi Ito
  31. Alexander S Bates
  32. Jens Goldammer
  33. Tanya Wolff
  34. Robert Svirskas
  35. Philipp Schlegel
  36. Erika Neace
  37. Christopher J Knecht
  38. Chelsea X Alvarado
  39. Dennis A Bailey
  40. Samantha Ballinger
  41. Jolanta A Borycz
  42. Brandon S Canino
  43. Natasha Cheatham
  44. Michael Cook
  45. Marisa Dreher
  46. Octave Duclos
  47. Bryon Eubanks
  48. Kelli Fairbanks
  49. Samantha Finley
  50. Nora Forknall
  51. Audrey Francis
  52. Gary Patrick Hopkins
  53. Emily M Joyce
  54. SungJin Kim
  55. Nicole A Kirk
  56. Julie Kovalyak
  57. Shirley A Lauchie
  58. Alanna Lohff
  59. Charli Maldonado
  60. Emily A Manley
  61. Sari McLin
  62. Caroline Mooney
  63. Miatta Ndama
  64. Omotara Ogundeyi
  65. Nneoma Okeoma
  66. Christopher Ordish
  67. Nicholas Padilla
  68. Christopher M Patrick
  69. Tyler Paterson
  70. Elliott E Phillips
  71. Emily M Phillips
  72. Neha Rampally
  73. Caitlin Ribeiro
  74. Madelaine K Robertson
  75. Jon Thomson Rymer
  76. Sean M Ryan
  77. Megan Sammons
  78. Anne K Scott
  79. Ashley L Scott
  80. Aya Shinomiya
  81. Claire Smith
  82. Kelsey Smith
  83. Natalie L Smith
  84. Margaret A Sobeski
  85. Alia Suleiman
  86. Jackie Swift
  87. Satoko Takemura
  88. Iris Talebi
  89. Dorota Tarnogorska
  90. Emily Tenshaw
  91. Temour Tokhi
  92. John J Walsh
  93. Tansy Yang
  94. Jane Anne Horne
  95. Feng Li
  96. Ruchi Parekh
  97. Patricia K Rivlin
  98. Vivek Jayaraman
  99. Marta Costa
  100. Gregory SXE Jefferis
  101. Kei Ito
  102. Stephan Saalfeld
  103. Reed George
  104. Ian A Meinertzhagen
  105. Gerald M Rubin
  106. Harald F Hess
  107. Viren Jain
  108. Stephen M Plaza
(2020)
A connectome and analysis of the adult Drosophila central brain
eLife 9:e57443.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57443