TY - JOUR TI - A multifaceted analysis reveals two distinct phases of chloroplast biogenesis during de-etiolation in Arabidopsis AU - Pipitone, Rosa AU - Eicke, Simona AU - Pfister, Barbara AU - Glauser, Gaetan AU - Falconet, Denis AU - Uwizeye, Clarisse AU - Pralon, Thibaut AU - Zeeman, Samuel C AU - Kessler, Felix AU - Demarsy, Emilie A2 - Gutjahr, Caroline A2 - Hardtke, Christian S A2 - Pfannschmidt, Thomas VL - 10 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/02/25 SP - e62709 C1 - eLife 2021;10:e62709 DO - 10.7554/eLife.62709 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62709 AB - Light triggers chloroplast differentiation whereby the etioplast transforms into a photosynthesizing chloroplast and the thylakoid rapidly emerges. However, the sequence of events during chloroplast differentiation remains poorly understood. Using Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM), we generated a series of chloroplast 3D reconstructions during differentiation, revealing chloroplast number and volume and the extent of envelope and thylakoid membrane surfaces. Furthermore, we used quantitative lipid and whole proteome data to complement the (ultra)structural data, providing a time-resolved, multi-dimensional description of chloroplast differentiation. This showed two distinct phases of chloroplast biogenesis: an initial photosynthesis-enabling ‘Structure Establishment Phase’ followed by a ‘Chloroplast Proliferation Phase’ during cell expansion. Moreover, these data detail thylakoid membrane expansion during de-etiolation at the seedling level and the relative contribution and differential regulation of proteins and lipids at each developmental stage. Altogether, we establish a roadmap for chloroplast differentiation, a critical process for plant photoautotrophic growth and survival. KW - thylakoid KW - chloroplast KW - photosynthesis KW - SBF-SEM KW - proteomics KW - Arabidopsis JF - eLife SN - 2050-084X PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd ER -