TY - JOUR TI - Understanding neural signals of post-decisional performance monitoring: An integrative review AU - Desender, Kobe AU - Ridderinkhof, K Richard AU - Murphy, Peter R A2 - Wyart, Valentin A2 - de Lange, Floris P VL - 10 PY - 2021 DA - 2021/08/20 SP - e67556 C1 - eLife 2021;10:e67556 DO - 10.7554/eLife.67556 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67556 AB - Performance monitoring is a key cognitive function, allowing to detect mistakes and adapt future behavior. Post-decisional neural signals have been identified that are sensitive to decision accuracy, decision confidence and subsequent adaptation. Here, we review recent work that supports an understanding of late error/confidence signals in terms of the computational process of post-decisional evidence accumulation. We argue that the error positivity, a positive-going centro-parietal potential measured through scalp electrophysiology, reflects the post-decisional evidence accumulation process itself, which follows a boundary crossing event corresponding to initial decision commitment. This proposal provides a powerful explanation for both the morphological characteristics of the signal and its relation to various expressions of performance monitoring. Moreover, it suggests that the error positivity –a signal with thus far unique properties in cognitive neuroscience – can be leveraged to furnish key new insights into the inputs to, adaptation, and consequences of the post-decisional accumulation process. KW - performance monitoring KW - evidence accumulation KW - drift diffusion model KW - error positivity KW - cognitive control JF - eLife SN - 2050-084X PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd ER -