Convergent and divergent brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with developmental dyslexia
Figures

Functional and structural deficits related to DD in alphabetic languages and morpho-syllabic languages.

Direct comparisons between the alphabetic group and the morpho-syllabic group in structural and functional deficits.
Conjunction analysis showed greater reduction of both GMV and brain activation in the left dorsal IFG in morpho-syllabic languages than alphabetic languages.

Language differences in functional studies and structural studies in children.

Functional deficits in children with DD in each group and common deficits between them.

Language differences between the two well-matched groups in the confirmation analysis and how the current results overlap with the original results.

Structural and functional deficits in DD for alphabetic languages and morpho-syllabic languages.
Decreased GMV and brain activation were found in both groups in the left STG.
Tables
Functional deficits in individuals with DD in alphabetic languages (JK represents the results of jack-knife sensitivity analysis).
Regions | MNI coordinate | SDM-Z | p | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) | JK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypoactivation in DD | ||||||
Left supramarginal gyrus | −56,–46,30 | 4.919 | 0.0000 | 10,742 | Left IPL, BA 40 (986)Left MTG, BA 21 (719)Left MTG, BA 37 (634)Left ITG, BA 37 (601)Left fusiform gyrus, BA 37 (479)Left ITG, BA 20 (414)Left STG, BA 48 (377)Left supramarginal gyrus, BA 48 (329)Left angular gyrus, BA 39 (307)Left MTG, BA 22 (300)Left cerebellum, lobule VI, BA 37 (285)Left STG, BA 42 (281)Left rolandic operculum, BA 48 (261)Left arcuate network (255)Left cerebellum, crus I, BA 37 (210)Left STG, BA 22 (201)Left supramarginal gyrus, BA 40 (198)Left superior longitudinal fasciculus III (182)Left IPL, BA 2 (167)Left inferior occipital gyrus, BA 19 (156) | 79/79 |
Right MOG | 42,–86,6 | 2.244 | 0.0002 | 361 | Right MOG, BA19 (208) | 76/79 |
Right STG | 60,–16,4 | 1.936 | 0.0011 | 358 | 73/79 | |
Hyperactivation in DD | ||||||
Right cerebellum | 26,–60,–28 | –1.526 | 0.0000 | 1,559 | Right cerebellum, lobule VI, BA 37 (352)Right cerebellum, lobule VI, BA 19 (233)Middle cerebellar peduncles (212) | 79/79 |
Left caudate nucleus | –16,12,6 | –1.459 | 0.0000 | 611 | Left anterior thalamic projections (364) | 79/79 |
Right caudate nucleus | 10,2,14 | –1.317 | 0.0001 | 520 | Right anterior thalamic projections (185)Right caudate nucleus (184) | 79/79 |
Structural deficits in individuals with DD in alphabetic languages (JK represents the results of jack-knife sensitivity analysis).
Regions | MNI coordinate | SDM-Z | p | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) | JK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased GMV in DD | ||||||
Left IFG orbital part | −38,42,–16 | 2.306 | 0.0001 | 611 | Left IFG orbital part, BA 47 (217) | 20/21 |
Right STG | 56,–44,18 | 2.024 | 0.0003 | 560 | Right STG, BA 42 (156) | 20/21 |
Right caudate | 6,14,2 | 1.695 | 0.0022 | 166 | 21/21 | |
Increased GMV in DD | ||||||
Left IPL | −42,–36,36 | –1.976 | 0.0000 | 237 | Left IPL, BA 40 (237) | 20/21 |
Right MTG | 50,–12,–14 | –1.040 | 0.0014 | 174 | 21/21 |
Functional deficits in individuals with DD in morpho-syllabic languages (JK represents the results of jack-knife sensitivity analysis).
Regions | MNI coordinate | SDM-Z | p | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) | JK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypoactivation in DD | ||||||
Left IFG opercular part | –48,10,28 | 4.071 | 0.0000 | 2527 | Left precentral gyrus, BA 6 (623)Left IFG opercular part, BA 44 (278)Left precentral gyrus, BA 44 (195)Corpus callosum (178)Left MFG, BA 44 (162) | 12/12 |
Left supramarginal gyrus | −58,–42,26 | 2.149 | 0.0001 | 1001 | Left IPL, BA 40 (271)Left STG, BA 42 (153)Left supramarginal gyrus, BA 48 (144) | 11/12 |
Left ITG | −48,–56,–18 | 1.761 | 0.0008 | 326 | Left ITG, BA37 (166) | 9/12 |
Hyperactivation in DD | ||||||
Right precentral gyrus | 52,–16,44 | –2.035 | 0.0000 | 2201 | Right precentral gyrus, BA 6 (640)Right postcentral gyrus, BA 3 (447)Right precentral gyrus, BA 4 (350)Right postcentral gyrus, BA 4 (215) | 12/12 |
Right MTG | 56,–10,–18 | –1.453 | 0.0013 | 298 | 10/12 |
Structural deficits in individuals with DD in morpho-syllabic languages (JK represents the results of jack-knife sensitivity analysis).
Regions | MNI coordinate | SDM-Z | p | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) | JK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased GMV in DD | ||||||
Left STG | −50,4,–4 | 2.466 | 0.0000 | 2,948 | Left insula, BA 48 (539)Left STG, BA 38 (392)Left rolandic operculum, BA 48 (226)Left MTG, BA 21 (215)Left STG, BA 48 (186) | 6/6 |
Left temporoparietal cortex | −56,–40,18 | 2.102 | 0.0002 | 900 | Left supramarginal gyrus, BA 48 (188)Left STG, BA 42 (171) | 6/6 |
Left calcarine cortex | −20,–66,14 | 2.447 | 0.0000 | 449 | Corpus callosum (297) | 6/6 |
Left MFG | –32,26,40 | 2.319 | 0.0001 | 438 | 6/6 | |
Increased GMV in DD | ||||||
Right STG | 34,6,–26 | –1.572 | 0.0001 | 1,829 | Right STG, BA 38 (261)Right ITG, BA 20 (250)Right MTG, BA 20 (212) | 6/6 |
Right precuneus | 12,–52,42 | –1.254 | 0.0014 | 156 | 2/6 |
Direct comparisons between alphabetic languages and morpho-syllabic languages in functional studies.
Regions | MNI coordinate | SDM-Z | p | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypoactivation in DD | |||||
Alphabetic languages > Morpho-syllabic languages | |||||
Left MTG | −54,–62,8 | 1.203 | 0.0000 | 2,173 | Left MTG, BA 37 (453)Left MTG, BA 48 (294)Left MTG, BA 21 (293)Corpus callosum (184) |
Right STG | 60,–18,4 | 1.080 | 0.0000 | 2047 | Right STG, BA 22 (400)Corpus callosum (373)Right insula, BA 48 (278)Right STG, BA 48 (259)Right rolandic operculum, BA 48 (193) |
Left fusiform gyrus | −40,–42,–24 | 1.279 | 0.0000 | 924 | Left fusiform gyrus, BA 37 (198)Left ITG, BA 20 (198) |
Morpho-syllabic languages > Alphabetic languages | |||||
Left IFG opercular part | –48,8,30 | –3.945 | 0.0000 | 2093 | Left precentral gyrus, BA 6 (512)Left IFG opercular part, BA 44 (274)Left precentral gyrus, BA 44 (191)Corpus callosum (161)Left IFG, triangular part, BA 48 (159) |
Hyperactivation in DD | |||||
Morpho-syllabic languages > Alphabetic languages | |||||
- | - | - | - | - | - |
Morpho-syllabic languages > Alphabetic languages | |||||
Right precentral gyrus | 40,–20,54 | –2.262 | 0.0000 | 1,518 | Right precentral gyrus, BA 6 (525)Right precentral gyrus, BA 4 (306)Right postcentral gyrus, BA 3 (286)Right postcentral gyrus, BA 4 (171) |
Direct comparisons between alphabetic languages and morpho-syllabic languages in structural studies.
Regions | MNI coordinate | SDM-Z | P | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decreased GMV in DD | |||||
Alphabetic languages > Morpho-syllabic languages | |||||
- | - | - | - | - | - |
Morpho-syllabic languages > Alphabetic languages | |||||
Left STG | −50,10,–18 | –3.139 | 0.0000 | 1,218 | Left STG, BA 38 (322) |
Left IFG opercular part | –52,10,24 | –2.253 | 0.0008 | 409 | |
Left MFG | –28,16,44 | –2.888 | 0.0001 | 346 | |
Left supramarginal gyrus | −48,–44,24 | –2.761 | 0.0001 | 344 | |
Left SOG | −20,–72,20 | –2.911 | 0.0001 | 277 | Corpus callosum (187) |
Left insula | –32,14,8 | –2.046 | 0.0015 | 179 | |
Increased GMV in DD | |||||
Alphabetic languages > Morpho-syllabic languages | |||||
- | - | - | - | - | - |
Morpho-syllabic languages > Alphabetic languages | |||||
Right STG | 34,6,–28 | –1.893 | 0.0001 | 1,397 | Right STG, BA 38 (246) |
Left ITG | −54,–58,–16 | –1.112 | 0.0018 | 161 |
Multimodal structural and functional abnormalities in individuals with DD in alphabetic languages.
Regions | MNI coordinate | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) |
---|---|---|---|
Decreases of GMV and hypoactivation in DD | |||
Left STG | −52,–30,20 | 1,099 | Left MTG, BA 21 (237) |
Right STG | 62,–32,14 | 322 | |
Left IFG, triangular part | –46,42,0 | 219 | |
Increases of GMV and hypoactivation in DD | |||
Left IPL | −46,–40,38 | 1,689 | Left IPL, BA 40 (941) |
Left cerebellum | −40,–70,–24 | 446 | Left cerebellum, crus I, BA 19 (159) |
Decreases of GMV and hyperactivation in DD | |||
Right cerebellum | 28,–52,–34 | 1,286 | Right cerebellum, lobule VI, BA 37 (273)Middle cerebellar peduncles (267)Right cerebellum, lobule VI, BA 19 (204) |
Right caudate | 8,8,12 | 600 | Right anterior thalamic projections (214)Right caudate nucleus (189) |
Left caudate | –16,8,14 | 595 | Left anterior thalamic projections (353) |
Multimodal structural and functional abnormalities in individuals with DD in morpho-syllabic languages.
Regions | MNI coordinate | Voxels | Cluster breakdown (Voxels) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Decreases of GMV and hypoactivation in DD | ||||
Left STG | −58,–38,22 | 1,566 | Left supramarginal gyrus, BA 48 (254)Left STG, BA 42 (253)Left supramarginal gyrus, BA 40 (153) | |
Left IFG opercular part | –56,2,10 | 1,052 | Left IFG opercular part, BA 44 (151) | |
Decreases of GMV and hyperactivation in DD | ||||
Left STG | −44,16,–22 | 854 | Left STG, BA 38 (394) | |
Increases of GMV and hyperactivation in DD | ||||
Right MTG | 48,–6,–26 | 493 | Right MTG, BA 21 (178) | |
Functional studies included in the meta-analysis.
Studies | N(TD) | N(DD) | Age in months | Language | Writing system | Subject type | Tasks | Threshold | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voxel-wise | Cluster-wise | ||||||||
Bach et al., 2010 | 18 | 14 | 99.6 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Covert reading task | p < 0.005 | 24 voxels* |
Beneventi et al., 2009 | 13 | 11 | 160.4 | Norwegian | Alphabetic | Children | Sequential verbal working memory task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
Beneventi et al., 2010a; | 13 | 11 | 160.4 | Norwegian | Alphabetic | Children | n-back task (Letter) | FDR p < 0.05 | 5 voxels |
Beneventi et al., 2010b | 14 | 12 | 160.3 | Norwegian | Alphabetic | Children | n-back task (Picture) | FDR p < 0.05 | |
Blau et al., 2009 | 13 | 13 | 301.8 | Dutch | Alphabetic | Adults | Letter–speech-sound integration task | p < 0.001 | 160 mm3* |
Booth et al., 2007a | 13 | 13 | 126.0 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Word judgment task | p < 0.001 | 15 voxels |
Boros et al., 2016 | 17 | 12 | 129.7 | French | Alphabetic | Children | String detection and passive reading task | p < 0.001 | FDR p < 0.05 |
Brambati et al., 2006 | 11 | 13 | 368.5 | Italian | Alphabetic | Adults and adolescents | Word reading and pseudoword reading | p < 0.001 | 20 voxels |
Brunswick et al., 1999 | 6 | 6 | 277.2 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Explicit reading task | p < 0.001 | |
Brunswick et al., 1999 | 6 | 6 | 294.0 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Implicit reading task | p < 0.001 | |
Cao et al., 2008 | 12 | 12 | 148.2 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Visual word rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
Cao et al., 2017 | 13 | 17 | 134.0 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Auditory rhyming task | p < 0.001 | FDR p < 0.05 |
Cao et al., 2018 | 19 | 23 | 132.9 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Visual spelling task | p < 0.001 | FDR p < 0.05 |
Cao et al., 2020 | 17 | 16 | 137.3 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Visual rhyming task | p < 0.001 | FDR p < 0.05 |
Christodoulou et al., 2014 | 12 | 12 | 274.8 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Sentence reading | p < 0.001 | FDR corrected |
Chyl et al., 2019 | 24 | 24 | 105.4 | Polish | Alphabetic | Children | Visual word reading | p < 0.001 | 50 voxels* |
Conway et al., 2008 | 11 | 11 | 420.0 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Auditory working memory task | p < 0.005 | 150 mL |
Cutting et al., 2013 | 19 | 20 | 147.02 | English | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Lexical decision task | p < 0.005 | 34 voxels |
Danelli et al., 2017 | 23 | 20 | 250.55 | Italian | Alphabetic | Adults | Pseudoword reading, auditory letter-name rhyming task, visual motion stimulation task and motor sequence learning task | p < 0.001 | FWE p < 0.05 |
Desroches et al., 2010 | 12 | 12 | 137.4 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Auditory rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 15 voxels |
Dufor et al., 2007 | 16 | 14 | 344.6 | French | Alphabetic | Adult | Auditory phoneme categorization task | p < 0.01 | |
Eden et al., 2004 | 19 | 19 | 512.4 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Word repetition task and initial sound deletion task | p < 0.001 | 80 voxels |
Farris et al., 2016 | 16 | 15 | 112.2 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Object rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels** |
Feng et al., 2017 | 20 | 14 | 123.1 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Character spelling task and character rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 12 voxels* |
Francisco et al., 2018 | 20 | 21 | 303.7 | Dutch | Alphabetic | Adults | 1-back task | p < 0.001 | FWE p < 0.05 |
Gaab et al., 2007 | 23 | 22 | 127.8 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Sound discrimination task | p < 0.01 | 20 voxels |
Georgiewa et al., 1999 | 17 | 17 | 168.0 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Letter reading task, nonwords reading task, words reading task and phonological transformation task | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
Grande et al., 2011 | 25 | 20 | 115.1 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Picture naming task and words reading task | p < 0.001 | t10 voxels |
Grunling et al., 2004 | 21 | 17 | 162.8 | German | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Slash patterns matching task, letters matching task, words matching task, pseudoword matching task and pseudoword rhyming task | p < 0.01 | 10 voxels |
Hancock et al., 2016 | 11 | 16 | 125.0 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Word rhyming task | p < 0.01 | 50 voxels |
Heim et al., 2010 | 20 | 16 | 113.9 | German | Alphabetic | Children | First sound detection task, motion detection task, Posner attention task,auditory discrimination task | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
Heim et al., 2013 | 15 | 11 | 435.4 | German | Alphabetic | Adults | Overt word reading | p < 0.05 | |
Heim et al., 2015 | 10 | 33 | 118.9 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Overt word reading | FWE p < 0.05 | 100 voxels |
Hernandez et al., 2013 | 16 | 15 | 252.7 | French | Alphabetic | Adults | Word rhyming task and font matching task | p < 0.001* | |
Higuchi et al., 2020 | 14 | 11 | 172.7 | Japanese | Morpho-syllabic | Adolescents | Character/picture passive viewing task | p < 0.005 | 20 voxels |
Hoeft et al., 2006 | 10 | 10 | 133.9 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Visual word rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
Hoeft et al., 2007 | 19 | 19 | 172.8 | English | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Visual word rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
Horowitz-Kraus et al., 2016 | 9 | 10 | 120.5 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Narrative comprehension task | p < 0.001 | FWE corrected |
Hu et al., 2010 | 8 | 8 | 171.6 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Sematic match task, word/ picture naming task | p < 0.001* | |
Hu et al., 2010 | 10 | 11 | 164.5 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Sematic match task, word/ picture naming task | p < 0.001* | |
Ingvar et al., 2002 | 9 | 9 | 287.0 | Swedish | Alphabetic | Adults | Word reading task and nonword reading task | p < 0.001 | |
Jaffe-Dax et al., 2018 | 19 | 20 | 302.2 | Hebrew | Alphabetic | Adults | Tone frequency discrimination task | p < 0.05 corrected | |
Kast et al., 2011 | 13 | 12 | 314.5 | German | Alphabetic | Adults | Lexical decision task | p < 0.001 | 30 voxels |
Kovelman et al., 2012 | 12 | 12 | 108.4 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Auditory words rhyming task and auditory words matching task | p < 0.001 | 25 voxels* |
Kronbichler et al., 2006 | 15 | 13 | 187.9 | German | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Sentence verification task | FDR p < 0.05 | 4 voxels |
Kronschnabel et al., 2013 | 22 | 13 | 191.7 | German | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Rapid serial visual stimulation detect task | p < 0.005 | 160 voxels* |
Kronschnabel et al., 2014 | 22 | 13 | 190.9 | German | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Target detection task | p < 0.005 | 160 voxels* |
Landi et al., 2010 | 13 | 13 | 157.8 | English | Alphabetic | Adolescents | Rhyming task and semantic categorization task | FDR p < 0.01 | 20 voxels |
Langer et al., 2015 | 15 | 15 | 119.4 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Sentence reading task | p < 0.005 | 50 voxels |
Liu et al., 2012 | 11 | 11 | 142.8 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Word rhyming task and semantic judgment task | p < 0.0002 | 18 voxels* |
Liu et al., 2013a | 14 | 14 | 141.8 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Lexical match task and character rhyming task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
Lobier et al., 2014 | 12 | 12 | 129.6 | French | Alphabetic | Adults | visual categorization of character task | p < 0.001 | 20 voxels |
MacSweeney et al., 2009 | 7 | 7 | 343.5 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Picture rhyming task | p < 0.01 | 20 voxels |
Maurer et al., 2011 | 16 | 11 | 136.6 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Word matching task, pseudoword matching task, picture matching task | p < 0.01 | 30 voxels* |
McCrory et al., 2000 | 6 | 8 | 275.0 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Words and pseudowords production | p < 0.001, | |
McCrory et al., 2005 | 10 | 8 | 242.0 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Words reading and pictures naming | p < 0.05 corrected | |
Meyler et al., 2008 | 12 | 23 | 129.6 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Sentence comprehension | p < 0.002 | 10 voxels |
Monzalvo et al., 2012 | 23 | 23 | 130.0 | French | Alphabetic | Children | Passive picture/word viewing task and passive sentence listening task | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 corrected |
Olulade et al., 2012 | 9 | 6 | 247.7 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Word rhyme task3-D spatial rotations | p < 0.005 | 10 voxels |
Olulade et al., 2015 | 12 | 16 | 120.5 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Implicit word reading | p < 0.001 | 20 voxels |
Paulesu et al., 2001 | 36 | 36 | 286.4 | English, French, Italian | Alphabetic | Adults | Word and non-word reading task | p< 0.001 | corrected |
Paulesu et al., 1996 | 5 | 5 | 314.5 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Letter rhyming and letter memory | p < 0.001 | |
Pecini et al., 2011 | 13 | 13 | 276.0 | Italian | Alphabetic | Adults and adolescents | Rhyme-generation task | p < 0.05 corrected | 100 mm3 |
Pekkola et al., 2006 | 10 | 10 | 330.6 | Finnish | Alphabetic | Adults | Audio-visual speech perception | z > 1.8 | p < 0.05 corrected |
Perrachione et al., 2016 | 19 | 19 | 279.6 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Speech perception | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 FDR |
Perrachione et al., 2016 | 24 | 23 | 267.0 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Spoken words listening, Written words, objects, and faces viewing | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 FDR |
Perrachione et al., 2016 | 25 | 26 | 95.4 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Spoken words listening, Written words, objects, and faces viewing | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 FDR |
Peyrin et al., 2011 | 12 | 12 | 120.0 | French | Alphabetic | Children | Categorical matching task | p < 0.001 | 15 voxels |
Prasad et al., 2020 | 15 | 16 | 144.0 | Hindi | Syllabic | Children and adolescents | Auditory rhyming task, picture-naming task and semantic tasks | p < 0.001 | |
Reilhac et al., 2013 | 12 | 12 | 306.6 | French | Alphabetic | Adults | Perceptual matching task | p < 0.001 | 15 voxels |
Richlan et al., 2010 | 18 | 15 | 215.8 | German | Alphabetic | Adults and adolescents | phonological decision task | p < 0.005 | 20 voxels |
Rimrodt et al., 2009 | 15 | 14 | 141.0 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Sentence comprehension task | p < 0.001 | 78 voxels* |
Ruff et al., 2002 | 11 | 6 | 348.7 | French | Alphabetic | Aadults | Passive listening task | p < 0.01 | 38 voxels |
Rumsey et al., 1997 | 14 | 17 | 313.2 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Pronunciation task and lexical decision task | p < 0.01 | |
Schulz et al., 2008 | 21 | 12 | 137.7 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Sentence reading task | p < 0.001 | |
Schulz et al., 2009 | 15 | 15 | 138.0 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Sentence reading task | p < 0.001 | |
Siok et al., 2004 | 8 | 8 | 132.0 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Homophone judgement task and lexical decision task | p < 0.001 | 20 voxels |
Siok et al., 2008 | 12 | 12 | 131.5 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Character rhyming task | p < 0.005 | 10 voxels |
Siok et al., 2009 | 12 | 12 | 131.5 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Font size judgment task | p < 0.05 FDR corrected | 10 voxels |
Steinbrink et al., 2012 | 12 | 14 | 223.7 | German | Alphabetic | Adults and adolescents | Syllable discrimination | p < 0.05 FWE corrected | |
Temple et al., 2000 | 10 | 8 | 362.7 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Pitch discrimination task | p < 0.001 | |
Temple et al., 2001 | 15 | 24 | 127.5 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Letter rhyming task, letter matching task | p < 0.001 | 20 voxels |
van der Mark et al., 2009 | 24 | 18 | 136.1 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Phonological lexical decision task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
van Ermingen-Marbach et al., 2013a | 13 | 17 | 117.2 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Phoneme detection task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
van Ermingen-Marbach et al., 2013a | 13 | 14 | 116.4 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Phoneme detection task | p < 0.001 | 10 voxels |
van Ermingen-Marbach et al., 2013b | 10 | 32 | 117.0 | German | Alphabetic | Children | Initial phoneme deletion task | p < 0.01 | 30 voxels |
Vasic et al., 2008 | 13 | 12 | 219.6 | German | Alphabetic | Adults | Verbal working memory task | p < 0.005 | p < 0.05 |
Waldie et al., 2013 | 16 | 12 | 365.1 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Go/no-go lexical decision task | p < 0.001 | |
Weiss et al., 2016 | 22 | 21 | 325.1 | Hebrew | Alphabetic | Adults | Word reading task | p < 0.001 | 50 voxels |
Wimmer et al., 2010 | 19 | 20 | 247.6 | German | Alphabetic | Adults and adolescents | Phonological lexical decision task | p < 0.005 | 10 voxels |
Yang and Tan, 2020 | 16 | 16 | 123.5 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | Homophone judgments task and component judgments task | p < 0.005 | 25 voxels* |
Zuk et al., 2018 | 13 | 11 | 114.0 | English | Alphabetic | Children | First sound matching task | p < 0.005 | 50 voxels |
-
*
equivalent to p < 0.05 corrected; ** equivalent to p < 0.01 corrected.
Structural studies included in the meta-analysis.
Study | N(TD) | N(DD) | Age in months | Language | Writing system | Subject type | Threshold | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voxel-wise | Cluster-wise | |||||||
Adrian-Ventura et al., 2020 | 12 | 13 | 146.2 | Spanish | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.05 FWE corrected | 750 voxels |
Brambati et al., 2004 | 11 | 10 | 352.8 | Italian | Alphabetic | Adults and adolescents | p < 0.05 corrected for small brain volume | |
Brown et al., 2001 | 14 | 16 | 288.0 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
Eckert et al., 2005 | 13 | 13 | 136.5 | English | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.001 | |
Evans et al., 2014a | 14 | 14 | 505.8 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | Pp< 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
Evans et al., 2014a | 13 | 13 | 371.4 | English | Alphabetic | Adults | p < 0.001 | p< 0.05 |
Evans et al., 2014a | 15 | 15 | 107.4 | English | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
Evans et al., 2014a | 17 | 17 | 115.2 | English | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
Hoeft et al., 2007 | 19 | 19 | 172.8 | English | Alphabetic | Children and adolescents | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 |
Jagger-Rickels et al., 2018 | 32 | 17 | 114.2 | English | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.001 | |
Jednorog et al., 2014 | 35 | 46 | 123.5 | Polish | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 |
Jednorog et al., 2015 | 106 | 130 | 123.9 | French, German, Polish | Alphabetic | Children | p < 0.001 | 150 voxels* |
Krafnick et al., 2014 | 15 | 15 | 118.2 | English | Alphabetic | Children | Pp< 0.01 | p < 0.01 FWE corrected |
Kronbichler et al., 2008 | 15 | 13 | 187.9 | German | Alphabetic | Adolescents | p < 0.005 | |
Liu et al., 2013b | 18 | 18 | 141.4 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Cchildren | p < 0.001 | 196 voxels |
Menghini et al., 2008 | 10 | 10 | 489.0 | Italian | Alphabetic | Adult | p < 0.005 | p < 0.05 corrected |
Moreau et al., 2019 | 12 | 12 | 352.2 | English | Alphabetic | Adult | p < 0.05 FWE corrected | |
Pernet et al., 2009 | 39 | 38 | 336.0 | French | Alphabetic | Adult | p< 0.05 FDR corrected | |
Silani et al., 2005 | 32 | 32 | 304.5 | Italian, French, English | Alphabetic | Adults | ||
Siok et al., 2008 | 16 | 16 | 132.0 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | p < 0.05 FWE corrected | 50 voxels |
Steinbrink et al., 2008 | 8 | 8 | 262.8 | German | Alphabetic | Adults | p < 0.05 FDR corrected | |
Tamboer et al., 2015 | 57 | 37 | 245.3 | Dutch | Alphabetic | Adults | p < 0.05 | 200 voxels |
Vinckenbosch et al., 2005 | 10 | 13 | 282.0 | French | Alphabetic | Adults | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 |
Wang et al., 2019 | 17 | 27 | 134.0 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | p < 0.001 | p < 0.05 FWE corrected |
Xia et al., 2016 | 12 | 12 | 132.0 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | p < 0.001 | |
Xia et al., 2016 | 12 | 12 | 169.2 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | p < 0.001 | |
Yang et al., 2016 | 14 | 9 | 149.0 | Chinese | Morpho-syllabic | Children | p < 0.001 | 111 voxels* |
-
*
equivalent to 0.05 corrected; ** equivalent to 0.01 corrected.
Additional files
-
Supplementary file 1
Additional results for the meta-analysis.
(a) Functional deficits in children with DD in alphabetic languages (b) Structural deficits in children with DD in alphabetic languages (c) Direct comparations between functional studies in alphabetic languages and morpho-syllabic languages for children with DD (d) Direct comparations between structural studies in alphabetic languages and morpho-syllabic languages for children with DD (e) Language differences in functional studies between the two well-matched groups in the confirmation analysis (f) Abnormal brain functions found in the current study that were reported in each functional study of the alphabetic language group (g) Abnormal brain structures found in the current study that were reported in each structural study of the alphabetic group (h) Abnormal brain functions found in the current study that were reported in each functional study of the morpho-syllabic group (i) Abnormal brain structures found in the current study that were reported in each structural study of the morpho-syllabic group.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/69523/elife-69523-supp1-v2.docx
-
Supplementary file 2
Key words used in literature retrieval.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/69523/elife-69523-supp2-v2.docx
-
Transparent reporting form
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/69523/elife-69523-transrepform1-v2.docx