TY - JOUR TI - Label-free imaging of M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes in the human dermis in vivo using two-photon excited FLIM AU - Kröger, Marius AU - Scheffel, Jörg AU - Shirshin, Evgeny A AU - Schleusener, Johannes AU - Meinke, Martina C AU - Lademann, Jürgen AU - Maurer, Marcus AU - Darvin, Maxim E A2 - Dustin, Michael L A2 - Walczak, Aleksandra M A2 - Dustin, Michael L VL - 11 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/10/06 SP - e72819 C1 - eLife 2022;11:e72819 DO - 10.7554/eLife.72819 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72819 AB - Macrophages (ΜΦs) are important immune effector cells that promote (M1 ΜΦs) or inhibit (M2 ΜΦs) inflammation and are involved in numerous physiological and pathogenic immune responses. Their precise role and relevance, however, are not fully understood for lack of noninvasive quantification methods. Here, we show that two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime imaging (TPE-FLIM), a label-free noninvasive method, can visualize ΜΦs in the human dermis in vivo. We demonstrate in vitro that human dermal ΜΦs exhibit specific TPE-FLIM properties that distinguish them from the main components of the extracellular matrix and other dermal cells. We visualized ΜΦs, their phenotypes and phagocytosis in the skin of healthy individuals in vivo using TPE-FLIM. Additionally, machine learning identified M1 and M2 MФs with a sensitivity of 0.88±0.04 and 0.82±0.03 and a specificity of 0.89±0.03 and 0.90±0.03, respectively. In clinical research, TPE-FLIM can advance the understanding of the role of MФs in health and disease. KW - skin KW - dermis KW - immune cells KW - phagocytosis KW - confocal microscopy KW - non-invasive JF - eLife SN - 2050-084X PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd ER -