TY - JOUR TI - Visualizing synaptic dopamine efflux with a 2D composite nanofilm AU - Bulumulla, Chandima AU - Krasley, Andrew T AU - Cristofori-Armstrong, Ben AU - Valinsky, William C AU - Walpita, Deepika AU - Ackerman, David AU - Clapham, David E AU - Beyene, Abraham G A2 - Ding, Jun A2 - Chen, Lu A2 - Cui, Bianxiao VL - 11 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/07/04 SP - e78773 C1 - eLife 2022;11:e78773 DO - 10.7554/eLife.78773 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.78773 AB - Chemical neurotransmission constitutes one of the fundamental modalities of communication between neurons. Monitoring release of these chemicals has traditionally been difficult to carry out at spatial and temporal scales relevant to neuron function. To understand chemical neurotransmission more fully, we need to improve the spatial and temporal resolutions of measurements for neurotransmitter release. To address this, we engineered a chemi-sensitive, two-dimensional composite nanofilm that facilitates visualization of the release and diffusion of the neurochemical dopamine with synaptic resolution, quantal sensitivity, and simultaneously from hundreds of release sites. Using this technology, we were able to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of dopamine release in dendritic processes, a poorly understood phenomenon. We found that dopamine release is broadcast from a subset of dendritic processes as hotspots that have a mean spatial spread of ≈ 3.2 µm (full width at half maximum [FWHM]) and are observed with a mean spatial frequency of one hotspot per ≈ 7.5 µm of dendritic length. Major dendrites of dopamine neurons and fine dendritic processes, as well as dendritic arbors and dendrites with no apparent varicose morphology participated in dopamine release. Remarkably, these release hotspots co-localized with Bassoon, suggesting that Bassoon may contribute to organizing active zones in dendrites, similar to its role in axon terminals. KW - dopamine KW - biosensor KW - fluorescent probes KW - synaptic terminals KW - imaging KW - near infrared JF - eLife SN - 2050-084X PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd ER -