TY - JOUR TI - Machine learning-assisted fluoroscopy of bladder function in awake mice AU - De Bruyn, Helene AU - Corthout, Nikky AU - Munck, Sebastian AU - Everaerts, Wouter AU - Voets, Thomas A2 - Verstegen, Anne MJ A2 - Pollak, Martin R A2 - Ruggieri, Michael VL - 11 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/09/06 SP - e79378 C1 - eLife 2022;11:e79378 DO - 10.7554/eLife.79378 UR - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.79378 AB - Understanding the lower urinary tract (LUT) and development of highly needed novel therapies to treat LUT disorders depends on accurate techniques to monitor LUT (dys)function in preclinical models. We recently developed videocystometry in rodents, which combines intravesical pressure measurements with X-ray-based fluoroscopy of the LUT, allowing the in vivo analysis of the process of urine storage and voiding with unprecedented detail. Videocystometry relies on the precise contrast-based determination of the bladder volume at high temporal resolution, which can readily be achieved in anesthetized or otherwise motion-restricted mice but not in awake and freely moving animals. To overcome this limitation, we developed a machine-learning method, in which we trained a neural network to automatically detect the bladder in fluoroscopic images, allowing the automatic analysis of bladder filling and voiding cycles based on large sets of time-lapse fluoroscopic images (>3 hr at 30 images/s) from behaving mice and in a noninvasive manner. With this approach, we found that urethane, an injectable anesthetic that is commonly used in preclinical urological research, has a profound, dose-dependent effect on urethral relaxation and voiding duration. Moreover, both in awake and in anesthetized mice, the bladder capacity was decreased ~fourfold when cystometry was performed acutely after surgical implantation of a suprapubic catheter. Our findings provide a paradigm for the noninvasive, in vivo monitoring of a hollow organ in behaving animals and pinpoint important limitations of the current gold standard techniques to study the LUT in mice. KW - bladder KW - lower urinary tract KW - machine learning KW - cystometry KW - videocystometry JF - eLife SN - 2050-084X PB - eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd ER -