Perceived barriers to cervical cancer screening and motivators for at-home human papillomavirus self-sampling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a telephone survey
Tables
Table 1
Participant characteristics among a subgroup of PRESTIS trial participants randomized to receive a mailed self-sample kit for HPV testing who participated in a telephone survey between August 2020 and September 2022 (n=233).
Patient characteristic | M (SEM) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 47.2 (0.62) | |||
N (%) | ||||
30–39 40–49 50–59 60–65 | 59 (25.3%) 78 (33.5%) 69 (29.6%) 27 (11.6%) | |||
N (%) | ||||
Language of Interview | English | 90 (38.6%) | ||
Spanish | 143 (61.4%) | |||
Race/Ethnicity | Hispanic | 162 (69.5%) | ||
Black/African American | 51 (21.9%) | |||
White | 14 (6.0%) | |||
Asian | 3 (1.3%) | |||
Other | 3 (1.3%) | |||
Place of birth | Mexico | 92 (39.5%) | ||
United States | 81 (34.8%) | |||
Central America | 48 (20.6%) | |||
South America | 4 (1.7%) | |||
Asia | 2 (0.9%) | |||
Europe | 3 (1.3%) | |||
Other | 2 (0.9%) | |||
Declined to answer | 1 (0.4%) | |||
Total (n=233) | English (n=90) | Spanish (n=143) | ||
Education completed* | No formal schooling | 4 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (2.8%) |
Some elementary | 15 (6.4%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (10.5%) | |
Elementary | 45 (19.3%) | 3 (3.3%) | 42 (29.4%) | |
Some high school | 41 (17.6%) | 13 (14.4%) | 28 (19.6%) | |
High school | 64 (27.5%) | 28 (31.1%) | 36 (25.2%) | |
Some college/vocational school | 33 (14.2%) | 21 (23.3%) | 12 (8.4%) | |
College/vocational school | 28 (12.0%) | 25 (27.8%) | 3 (2.1%) | |
Declined to answer | 3 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.1%) | |
Household income | <$10,000 | 27 (11.6%) | 16 (17.8%) | 11 (7.7%) |
$10,000 - $19,999 | 47 (20.2%) | 21 (23.3%) | 26 (18.2%) | |
$20,000 - $29,999 | 29 (12.4%) | 13 (14.4%) | 16 (11.2%) | |
$30,000 - $39,999 | 19 (8.2%) | 8 (8.9%) | 11 (7.7%) | |
$40,000 - $49,999 | 8 (3.4%) | 4 (4.4%) | 4 (2.8%) | |
>$50,000 | 6 (2.6%) | 5 (5.6%) | 1 (0,7%) | |
Declined to answer | 97 (41.6%) | 23 (25.6%) | 74 (51.7%) |
-
*
p=0,000 Comparison of English- vs Spanish-speaking participants.
-
Table 1—source data 1
Telephone survey participant characteristics.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84664/elife-84664-table1-data1-v2.zip
Table 2
Self-reported barriers among a subgroup of PRESTIS trial participants who were randomized to receive a mailed self-sample kit for HPV testing and completed a telephone survey from August 2020-September 2022 (n=233), Harris County, TX Source data file: ‘Table 2—source data 1’.
Language | Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n=233) n (%) | Spanish (n=143) n (%) | English (n=90) n (%) | p-value | Hispanic (n=162) n (%) | Black (n=51) n (%) | White (n=14) n (%) | Asian (n=3) n (%) | Other (n=3) n (%) | p-value | |
Getting a Pap is uncomfortable. Yes No Unsure | 158 (67.8%) 74 (31.8%) 1 (0.4%) | 102 (71.3%) 41 (28.7%) 0 (0%) | 56 (62.2%) 33 (36.7%) 1 (1.1%) | 0.126 | 112 (69.1%) 49 (30.3%) 1 (0.6%) | 33 (64.7%) 18 (35.3%) 0 (0%) | 8 (57.1%) 6 (42.9%) 0 (0%) | 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) | 2 (33.3%) 1 (66.7%) 0 (0%) | 0.785 |
Uncomfortable with male provider Yes No Unsure | 147 (63.1%) 84 (36.1%) 2 (0.9%) | 100 (69.9%) 41 (28.7%) 2 (1.4%) | 47 (52.2%) 43 (47.8%) 0 (0%) | 0.006 | 109 (67.3%) 52 (32.1%) 1 (0.6%) | 26 (51.0%) 25 (49.0%) 0 (0%) | 6 (42.9%) 7 (50.0%) 1 (7.1%) | 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) | 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) | 0.034 |
Getting a Pap is embarrassing Yes No Unsure | 122 (52.4%) 109 (46.8%) 2 (0.9%) | 95 (66.4%) 48 (33.6%) 0 (0%) | 27 (30%) 61 (67.8%) 2 (2.2%) | 0.000 | 100 (61.7%) 61 (37.7%) 1 (0.6%) | 13 (25.5%) 37 (72.6%) 1 (2.0%) | 6 (42.9%) 8 (57.1%) 0 (0%) | 2 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 1 (33.3%) | 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%) 0 (0%) | 0.000 |
Getting a Pap test is expensive * Yes No Unsure | 47 (20.3%) 159 (68.5%) 26 (11.2%) | 36 (25.6%) 94 (66.2%) 12 (8.5%) | 11 (12.2%) 65 (72.2%) 14 (15.6%) | 0.024 | 39 (24.2%) 104 (64.6%) 18 (11.2%) | 6 (11.8%) 38 (74.5%) 7 (13.7%) | 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 14 (100%) | 1 (66.7%) 2 (33.3%) 0 (0%) | 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1(33.3%) | 0.049 |
Age | Education† | |||||||||
30–39 (n=59) | 40–49 (n=78) | 50–59 (n=69) | 60–65 (n=27) | p-value | Elementary or less (n=64) | Some/all High school (n=105) | Some/all College (n=61) | p-value | ||
40 (67.8%) 18 (30.5%) 1 (1.7%) | 57 (73.1%) 21 (26.9%) 0 (0%) | 40 (58.0%) 29 (42.0%) 0 (0%) | 21 (77.8%) 6 (22.2%) 0 (0%) | 0.160 | 41 (64.1%) 23 (35.9%) 0 (0.0%) | 80 (76.2%) 24 (22.9%) 1 (1.0%) | 35 (67.8%) 26 (42.6%) 0 (0%) | 0.031 | ||
36 (61.0%) 22 (37.3%) 1 (1.7%) | 46 (59.0%) 32 (41.0%) 0 (0%) | 46 (66.7%) 23 (33.3%) 0 (0%) | 19 (70.4%) 7 (25.9%) 1 (3.7%) | 0.357 | 45 (70.3%) 18 (28.1%) 1 (1.6%) | 66 (62.9%) 38 (36.2%) 1 (1.0%) | 34 (55.7%) 27 (44.3%) 0 (0%) | 0.298 | ||
29 (49.2%) 30 (50.9%) 0 (0%) | 43 (55.1%) 34 (43.6%) 1 (1.3%) | 31 (44.9%) 37 (53.6%) 1 (1.5%) | 19 (70.4%) 8 (29.6%) 0 (0%) | 0.252 | 36 (56.3%) 28 (43.8%) 0 (0%) | 62 (59.1%) 42 (40.0%) 1 (1.0%) | 22 (36.1%) 38 (62.3%) 1 (1.6%) | 0.021 | ||
15 (25.4%) 38 (64.4%)6 (10.2%) | 12 (15.4%) 58 (74.4%) 8 (10.3%) | 14 (203%) 46 (66.7%) 9 (13.0%) | 6 (23.1%) 17 (65.4%) 3 (11.5%) | 0.842 | 17 (27.0%) 44 (69.8%) 2 (3.2%) | 24 (22.9%) 65 (61.9%) 16 (15.2%) | 6 (9.8%) 47 (77.1%) 8 (13.1%) | 0.12 |
-
*
Missing n=1.
-
†
Missing = 3.
-
Table 2—source data 1
Telephone survey results of barriers to getting provider-performed clinic-based screening among underscreened women participating in the PRESTIS study.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84664/elife-84664-table2-data1-v2.zip
Table 3
Motivators- Self-sampling vs Pap among participants who self-reported completing the at-home self-sampling kit for HPV testing during a telephone survey (n=153), August 2020-September 2022, Harris County, TX Source data file: ‘Table 3—source data 1’.
Language | Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (N=153) n (%) | Spanish N=93 n (%) | English N=60 n (%) | p-value | Hispanic (n=108) n (%) | Black (n=33) n (%) | White (n=7) n (%) | Asian (n=2) n (%) | Other (n=3) n (%) | p-value | |
Convenience of Pap vs self-sampling Self-sampling more convenient Pap more convenient Both are about the same | 85 (55.6%) 18 (11.8%) 50 (32.7%) | 48 (51.6%) 14 (15.1%) 31 (33.3%) | 37 (61.7%) 19 (31.7%) 4 (6.7%) | 0.237 | 58 (53.7%) 14 (13.0%) 36 (33.3%) | 19 (57.6%) 3 (9.1%) 11 (33.3%) | 6 (85.7%) 0 (0%) 1 (14.3%) | 1 (50.0%) 0 (0%) 1 (50%) | 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) | 0.756 |
Embarrassment of Pap vs self-sampling Self-sampling more embarrassing Pap more embarrassing Both are about the same | 0 (0%) 106 (69.3%) 47 (30.7%) | 0 (0%) 74 (79.6%) 19 (20.4%) | 0 (0%) 32 (53.3%) 28 (46.7%) | 0.001 | 0 (0%) 79 (73.2%) 29 (26.9%) | 0 (0%) 18 (54.6%) 15 (45.5%) | 0 (0%) 4 (57.1%) 3 (42.9%) | 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) | 0.158 |
Stress/anxiety of Pap vs self-sampling Self-sampling more stressful Pap more stressful Both are about the same | 6 (3.9%) 85 (55.6%) 62 (40.5%) | 4 (4.3%) 52 (55.9%) 37 (39.8%) | 2 (3.3%) 33 (55%) 25 (41.7%) | 0.940 | 6 (5.6%) 60 (55.6%) 42 (38.9%) | 0 (0%) 18 (54.6%) 15 (45.5%) | 0 (0%) 4 (57.1%) 3 (42.9%) | 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) | 0.479 |
Age | Education** | |||||||||
30–39 (n=39) | 40–49 (n=52) | 50–59 (n=42) | 60–65 (n=20) | p-value | Elementary or less (n=45) | Some/all High school (n=66) | Some/all College (n=40) | p-value | ||
Convenience of Pap vs self-sampling Self-sampling more convenient Pap more convenient Both are about the same | 23 (59.0%) 1 (2.6%) 15 (38.5%) | 29 (55.8%) 9 (17.3%) 14 (26.9%) | 20 (47.6%) 8 (19.1%) 14 (33.3%) | 13 (65.0%) 0 (0%) 7 (35.0%) | 0.095 | 22 (48.9%) 7 (15.6%) 16 (35.6%) | 37 (56.1%) 7 (10.6%) 22 (33.3%) | 24 (60.05) 4 (10.0%) 12 (30.0%) | 0.841 | |
Embarrassment of Pap vs self-sampling Self-sampling more embarrassing Pap more embarrassing Both are about the same | 0 (0%) 25 (64.1%) 14 (35.9%) | 0 (0%) 38 (73.1%) 14 (26.9%) | 0 (0%) 26 (61.9%) 16 (38.1%) | 0 (0%) 17 (85.0%) 3 (15.0%) | 0.242 | 0 (0%) 39 (86.7%)6 (13.3%) | 0 (0%) 43 (65.2%) 23 (34.9%) | 0 (0%) 22 (55.0%) 18 (45.0%) | 0.005 | |
Stress/anxiety of Pap vs self-sampling Self-sampling more stressful Pap more stressful Both are about the same | 2 (5.1%) 23 (59.0%) 14 (35.9%) | 1 (1.9%) 29 (55.8%) 22 (42.3%) | 3 (7.1%) 19 (45.2%) 20 (47.6%) | 0 (0%) 14 (70.0%) 6 (30.0%) | 0.529 | 0 (0%) 27 (60.0%) 18 (40.0%) | 5 (7.6%) 36 (54.6%) 25 (37.9%) | 1 (2.5%) 21 (52.5%) 18 (45.0%) | 0.318 |
-
Table 3—source data 1
Telephone survey results showing motivators of self-sampling vs. Pap.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84664/elife-84664-table3-data1-v2.zip
Table 4
COVID-related barriers self-reported by PRESTIS trial participants who completed a telephone survey between August 2020 and September 2022, Harris County, TX Source data file: ‘Table 4—source data 1’.
COVID barriers for all patients (n=233) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Language | Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
All N=233 n (%) | Spanish N=143 n (%) | English N=90 n (%) | p-value | Hispanic (n=162) n (%) | Black (n=51) n (%) | White (n=14) n (%) | Asian (n=3) n (%) | Other (n=3) n (%) | p-value | |
COVID-19 had economic effect Yes- large amount Yes- small amount No | 101 (43.4%) 82 (35.2%) 50 (21.5%) | 60 (42%) 58 (40.6%) 25 (17.5%) | 41 (45.6%) 24 (26.7%) 25 (17.5%) | 0.052 | 68 (42.0%) 62 (38.35) 32 (19.8%) | 24 (47.1%) 16 (31.4%) 11 (21.6%) | 4 (28.6%) 4 (28.6%) 6 (42.9%) | 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) | 2 (66.6%) 0 (0%) 1 (33.3%) | 0.280 |
COVID-19 affected mental health Yes- large amount Yes- small amount No | 34 (14.6%) 74 (31.8%) 125 (53.7%) | 13 (9.1%) 41 (28.7%) 89 (62.2%) | 21 (23.3%) 33 (36.7%) 36 (40%) | 0.001 | 17 (10.5%) 50 (30.9%) 95 (58.6%) | 14 (27.5%) 19 (37.3%) 18 (35.3%) | 2 (14.3%) 3 (21.4%) 9 (64.3%) | 0 (0%) 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) | 0.034 |
COVID-19 affected physical health Yes- large amount Yes- small amount No | 35 (15%) 57 (24.5%) 141 (60.5%) | 20 (14%) 33 (23.1%) 90 (62.9%) | 15 (16.7%) 24 (26.7%) 51 (56.7%) | 0.633 | 20 (12.4%) 42 (25.9%) 100 (61.7%) | 11 (25.6%) 12 (23.5%) 28 (54.9%) | 3 (21.4%) 1 (7.1%) 10 (71.4%) | 0 (0)% 1 (33.3%) 2 (66.7%) | 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) | 0.382 |
Age | Education† | |||||||||
30–39 (n=59) | 40–49 (n=78) | 50–59 (n=69) | 60–65 (n=27) | p-value | Elementary or Less (n=64) | Some/all High School (n=105) | Some/all College (n=40) | p-value | ||
COVID-19 had economic effect Yes- large amount Yes- small amount No | 19 (32.2%) 30 (50.9%) 10 (17.0%) | 36 (46.2%) 29 (37.2%) 13 (16.7%) | 36 (52.2%) 16 (23.2%) 17 (24.6%) | 10 (37.0%) 7 (25.9%) 10 (37.0%) | 0.015 | 21 (32.8%) 28 (43.8%) 15 (23.4%) | 48 (45.7%) 34 (32.4%) 23 (21.9%) | 30 (49.2%) 19 (31.2%) 12 (19.7%) | 0.364 | |
COVID-19 affected mental health Yes- large amount Yes- small amount No | 7 (11.9%) 21 (35.6%) 31 (52.5%) | 11 (14.1%) 23 (29.5%) 44 (56.4%) | 11 (15.9%) 23 (33.3%) 35 (50.7%) | 5 (18.5%) 7 (25.9%) 15 (55.6%) | 0.947 | 3 (4.7%) 24 (37.5%) 37 (57.8%) | 23 (21.9%) 24 (22.9%) 58 (55.2%) | 7 (11.5%) 25 (41.0%) 29 (47.5%) | 0.006 | |
COVID-19 affected physical health Yes- large amount Yes- small amount No | 7 (11.9%) 12 (20.3%) 40 (67.8%) | 13 (16.7%) 19 (24.4%) 46 (59.0%) | 12 (17.4%) 20 (29.0%) 37 (53.6%) | 3 (11.1%) 6 (22.2%) 18 (66.7%) | 0.762 | 4 (6.3%) 19 (29.7%) 41 (64.1%) | 23 (21.9%) 19 (18.1%) 63 (60.0%) | 7 (11.5%) 18 (29.5%) 36 (59.0%) | 0.033 | |
COVID barriers among those who completed self-sample kit (n=153)* | ||||||||||
Language | Age | |||||||||
All (N=153) n (%) | Spanish N=93 n (%) | English N=60 n (%) | p-value | 30–39 (n=39) n (%) | 40–49 (n=52) n (%) | 50–59 (n=69) n (%) | 60–65 (n=27) n (%) | p-value | ||
COVID-19 affected participation in HPV self-sampling trial Yes No Don’t know | 91 (59.5%) 61 (39.9%) 1 (0.7%) | 58 (62.4%) 34 (36.6%) 1 (1.1%) | 33 (55%) 27 (45%) 0 (0%) | 0.530 | 32 (82.1%) 7 (18.0%) 0 (0%) | 27 (51.9%) 25 (48.1%) 0 (0%) | 22 (52.4%) 19 (45.3%) 1 (2.4%) | 10 (50%) 10 (50%) 0 (0%) | 0.010 | |
Categories of COVID barriers reported by those who reported that COVID affected their participation in the trial (n=92)* | ||||||||||
All N=92 n (%) | Spanish N=59 n (%) | English N=33 n (%) | p-value | |||||||
Way that COVID affected participation Fear of getting COVID Difficulties getting appointment Easier at home Other | 38 (41.3%) 20 (21.7%) 11 (12%) 23 (25%) | 24 (40.7%) 16 (27.1%) 7 (11.9%) 12 (20.3%) | 14 (42.4%) 4 (12.1%) 4 (12.1%) 11 (33.3%) | 0.304 |
-
*
No significant differences were found with race/ethnicity or education.
-
†
Missing n=3.
-
Table 4—source data 1
Telephone results showing COVID-related barriers self-reported by participants.
- https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/84664/elife-84664-table4-data1-v2.zip
Additional files
Download links
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
Perceived barriers to cervical cancer screening and motivators for at-home human papillomavirus self-sampling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a telephone survey
eLife 12:e84664.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84664