Cancer Therapeutics: Partial loss of genes might open therapeutic window
Copy number loss – which involves part of a chromosome being deleted during DNA replication – is a common occurrence in cancer. While the loss of tumor suppressor genes during copy number loss can promote the formation of tumors, the loss of other genes in these same regions was not thought to be relevant to cancer. In 2012, however, Rameen Beroukhim, William Hahn and co-workers analyzed a panel of 86 cancer cell lines to search for genes with a particular property – the deletion of one copy of the gene results in cells that are less able to withstand further down-regulation of gene expression than cells with two copies of the gene (Nijhawan et al., 2012). A total of 56 CYCLOPS genes were identified, many of which were found to encode proteins that are essential for cell survival. In general, genes that encode essential proteins are not pursued as drug targets, but the vulnerability of cancer cells that have lost one copy of an essential gene might create a therapeutic window.
Now, in eLife, Beroukhim, Robin Reed and co-workers – including Brenton Paolella and William Gibson as joint first authors – report how an analysis of 179 cell lines has allowed them to identify a total of 124 CYCLOPS candidate genes (Paolella et al., 2017). Many of these genes encode proteins that are part of a complex molecular machine called the spliceosome: in particular, the gene SF3B1 encodes a protein that is the largest subunit in the SF3b complex which, in turn is part of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein called the U2 snRNP complex. The spliceosome contains a total of five such ribonucleoproteins.
Although mutations in SF3B1 have been observed in patients with a wide range of cancers, the loss of one copy of the gene is far more common than mutation. Across some 10,570 cases in the Cancer Genome Atlas, Paolella et al. – who are based at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute – found that partial deletion of SF3B1 occurs most frequently in chromophobe kidney cancer, urothelial bladder cancer, and breast cancer. The fact that none of the patients in the atlas had lost both copies of SF3B1 is consistent with it being an essential gene. Previous work on SF3B1 has shown that mutations and partial loss have distinct effects on splicing (Alsafadi et al., 2016).
Paolella et al. then performed a series of biochemical studies to explore how the partial loss of SF3B1 effected the abundance of the SF3b and U2 snRNP complexes in cells that had lost a copy of the gene and cells that were copy neutral (that is, had not lost or gained a copy of the gene). These studies revealed that cells that had lost a copy of the gene were highly sensitive to further down-regulation of the gene, because they did not have sufficient levels of the SF3b complex, whereas the copy neutral cells were more tolerant to down-regulation of the gene (Figure 1).
In the past decade it has been shown that compounds that inhibit SF3B1 have potent anti-tumor activity (Kaida et al., 2007; Folco et al., 2011). These inhibitors appear to perturb U2 snRNP function without altering the level of the SF3B1 or U2 snRNP complexes. SF3B1 mutant cells are more sensitive to these inhibitors than their wild-type counterparts (Obeng et al., 2016). However, partial loss of SF3B1 does not appear to make cells more sensitive to these inhibitors.
In an effort to find a way to exploit the vulnerability of cells that had experienced a partial loss of SF3B1, Paolella et al. found that the regulatory protein ubiquitin had a central role in the function of the SF3B1 protein and in SF3B1-related cancer vulnerability (Figure 1). In particular, enzymes called ligases catalyzed the addition of ubiquitin to the SF3B1 protein, thus "tagging" it for degradation in the proteasome. However, other enzymes called deubiquitinases reversed this process, thus helping the cell to survive. Paolella et al. then showed that a drug called b-AP15, which was known to inhibit various deubiquitinases (D'Arcy et al., 2011), could inhibit the deubiquitinases in cancer cells that had experienced partial loss of SF3B1, and thus selectively kill these cells by reducing the amount of SF3B1 protein.
The next challenge is to identify the specific ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases for the SF3B1 protein, and to check for possible side effects of any drugs used to inhibit the relevant deubiquitinases.
Nonetheless, the work of Paolella et al. will, we hope, ultimately provide a number of new avenues for targeting the spliceosome in order to treat cancer.
References
-
Inhibition of proteasome deubiquitinating activity as a new Cancer therapyNature Medicine 17:1636–1640.https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2536
-
Spliceostatin A targets SF3b and inhibits both splicing and nuclear retention of pre-mRNANature Chemical Biology 3:576–583.https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2007.18
Article and author information
Author details
Publication history
- Version of Record published: March 17, 2017 (version 1)
Copyright
© 2017, Liu et al.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.
Metrics
-
- 1,110
- Page views
-
- 197
- Downloads
-
- 2
- Citations
Article citation count generated by polling the highest count across the following sources: Crossref, PubMed Central, Scopus.
Download links
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
Further reading
-
- Cancer Biology
Although preclinical and clinical studies have shown that exercise can inhibit bone metastasis progression, the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we found that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells adjacent to bone tissue had a much lower proliferative capacity than the surrounding tumor cells in patients and mice. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that osteocytes, sensing mechanical stimulation generated by exercise, inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation and sustain the dormancy thereof by releasing small extracellular vesicles with tumor suppressor micro-RNAs, such as miR-99b-3p. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of mechanical loading and treadmill exercise on the bone metastasis progression of NSCLC in mice. As expected, mechanical loading of the tibia inhibited the bone metastasis progression of NSCLC. Notably, bone metastasis progression of NSCLC was inhibited by moderate exercise, and combinations with zoledronic acid had additive effects. Moreover, exercise preconditioning effectively suppressed bone metastasis progression. This study significantly advances the understanding of the mechanism underlying exercise-afforded protection against bone metastasis progression.
-
- Cancer Biology
Chemoresistance is a major cause of treatment failure in many cancers. However, the life cycle of cancer cells as they respond to and survive environmental and therapeutic stress is understudied. In this study, we utilized a microfluidic device to induce the development of doxorubicin-resistant (DOXR) cells from triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells within 11 days by generating gradients of DOX and medium. In vivo chemoresistant xenograft models, an unbiased genome-wide transcriptome analysis, and a patient data/tissue analysis all showed that chemoresistance arose from failed epigenetic control of the nuclear protein-1 (NUPR1)/histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) axis, and high NUPR1 expression correlated with poor clinical outcomes. These results suggest that the chip can rapidly induce resistant cells that increase tumor heterogeneity and chemoresistance, highlighting the need for further studies on the epigenetic control of the NUPR1/HDAC11 axis in TNBC.