Non-oscillatory brain activity can be used to monitor arousal levels during both NREM and REM sleep as well as under general anesthesia with propofol.

Spontaneous fluctuations in pupil-indexed arousal shape human cortical dynamics in a frequency-dependent and spatially diverse manner.

Data collected from two important auditory brain areas distinguish effects of generalized arousal and specific task engagement on neural sensory coding.

Rapid increases in the brain’s level of alertness, or arousal, contribute to variability in decision making by reducing existing biases.

A long-term arousal state is linked to the acute decision to leave a food patch by sensory neurons that integrate neuromodulatory information, food intake, and environmental signals.

Infants' vocalisations are contingent on their own stress physiology, and alter the inter-personal dynamics of how stress states are shared across the infant-caregiver dyad.

Pupil size during rest reflects activation of a network of subcortical ascending arousal system nuclei.

Neuropathic pain preserves mouse sleep in architecture and characteristic spectral bands but perturbs arousability in ways reminiscent of insomnia disorders, in which hyperarousal and hyperalertness to environmental stimuli are prevalent.

Secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus monitor behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.

A direct relationship between pupil diameter and electrophysiological correlates of attention, sensory stimulus processing and target detection was observed demonstrating that arousal has a substantial influence on perceptual decision-making.