The extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core is progressively diminished by white noise, an underutilized, easy-to-titrate aversive stimulus, but is unaffected by white-noise intensity, context valence, and associated probabilistic contingencies.

Imaging of neurons within the hippocampus, a memory region of the brain, reveals how the brain updates memories during different learning conditions compared to when learning is blocked by amnestic drugs.

Glutamatergic signaling from the lateral hypothalamus instructs lateral habenular neurons for encoding aversive external stimuli to subsequently guide escape behaviours.

Chronic pain distorts intensity coding in the anterior cingulate cortex to give rise to generalized anatomically nonspecific enhancement in pain aversion.

Inter-individual variabilities in nicotine aversion are linked with responses of the interpeduncular nucleus to the drug.

Dopamine neurons signal value prediction errors (VPEs) integrating information about both reward and aversion, in low reward contexts, whereas VPEs in some dopamine neurons are distorted in high reward contexts.

A novel approach based on eye-movement patterns reveals adaptive changes during viewing of faces and fear generalization.

Interconnected ventral tegmental area and medial prefrontal cortex circuits causally link dopamine dynamics, aversive learning, and the effects of a promising rapidly acting antidepressant ketamine.

A method for the genetic manipulation of enteroendocrine cells reveals how different intestinal cell types control food intake and drive post-ingestive learning.

Adaptation to climate in sunflowers is highly polygenic, but still involves significant repeatability with many of the same genes being used by multiple species.