Bipedal footprints made 3.66 million years ago provide the clearest available evidence to date of the occurrence of marked body size variation in Australopithecus afarensis..

It is unclear how much a child's BMI at age 8 affects their depressive and ADHD symptoms after family-level factors are accounted for, but a substantial impact on anxiety symptoms is unlikely.

Diffusion but not advection becomes increasingly challenging for gas transport across insect spiracles as body size increases.

Duplication of tumor suppressor genes contributed to the evolution of large, long-lived elephants.

Leveraging time-varying and tissue-dependent genetic instruments into Mendelian randomization studies may help develop insight over more conventional applications.

Elevated growth rates and increased size-at-age leads to a larger population size structure, despite higher mortality and a younger population after three decades of exposure to 5–10°C higher temperatures in a large-scale natural climate change experiment.

Predicting multivariate phenotypic evolution.

Genetic analyses provide evidence that adiposity influences vitamin D levels at different timepoints over the lifecourse, suggesting that associations previously reported between vitamin D deficiency and disease by conventional epidemiological studies may have been prone to confounding.

There is no relationship between the demographic susceptibility to extinction and the estimated extinction chronology among Sahul’s megafauna, suggesting that human choices, a species’ ecological requirements, and/or random climate variation instead determined the extinction chronology.