In teleost fishes, the independent evolution of electrosensory systems was repeatedly associated with evolutionary changes in brain region scaling that were independent of changes in brain–body allometry.

A large-scale analysis of Staphylococcus aureus within-host evolution based on a comprehensive catalogue of bacterial genetic variation reveals an excess of genome degradation signatures in infecting strains and new genetic loci of clinically relevant adaptation.

Unexpected structural diversity of nematode small molecules, as revealed by high-resolution phylogenetic analysis, suggests recurrent biochemical innovation, a pattern that is probably typical across animals.

Studying the genomes of mammals with sparse hair covering identifies specific genes and regulatory regions responsible for the formation of hair and skin, some of which were previously unrecognized.

The convergent evolution of unusually strict substrate specificity in apicomplexan LDHs arose by classic neofunctionalization of a duplicated MDH gene via few mutations of large effect.

The HMA domains of Pikp-1 and Pikm-1 NLR receptors have convergently evolved to bind AVR-PikD with high affinity through distinct evolutionary and biochemical paths.

Introgression makes hemiplasy more likely, and the probability of hemiplasy incorporating incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and introgression can be estimated using the presented simulation software.

An insect-like mushroom body in one group of crustaceans, the mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda), suggests either an ancient origin of this center and its reduction and loss in other crustaceans, or an extraordinary example of convergent evolution with the insect mushroom body.

Repeated evolution of eye regression in subterranean mammals helps identify genes and regulatory elements involved in visual perception and development of the eye, and predicts candidate sequences with a potential role in ocular disorders.

Mesencephalic origin of the zebrafish thalamocortical-like visual projection neurons indicates independent evolution of tectofugal visual pathways in amniotes and teleosts.