The frequent co-occurrence of two variants of influenza is due to the fact that they cooperate, meaning that a mixed population grows better than either variant alone.

Genetic, biochemistry and modeling approaches reveal elements of a Turing-type reaction-diffusion system to control pattern formation in differentiating cyanobacterial filaments.

During adaptation in dogs, H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs) became to recognize human-like SAα2,6-Gal receptor, increased replication ability in human cells, acquired a 100% transmission rate via respiratory droplet in ferret model, and human population lacked immunity to H3N2 CIVs.

Conventional studies have focused on enzymatic residues directly involved in catalysis; dissecting a potential interaction network within which these ‘catalytic residues’ are embedded provides insights fundamental to enzyme function, evolution, and engineering.

The coexistence of ancestral and innovative functions is possible and fosters evolutionary innovation in events involving the acquisition of whole protein domains.

HIV-specific antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity vary in their paths to achieve function but commonly rely on mutations in multiple regions, including framework regions, to reach full potency.

Cleavage of a membrane-bound transcription factor by the chemotherapeutic reagent doxorubicin can block the proliferation of tumor cells.

Mambalgin1 binds to the thumb domain of human ASIC1a channel and inhibits the channel through hindering the proton-induced transitions from the resting closed state to the active and/or desensitized state.

Cardiac organoids have potential as a tool used for identifying cell-free DNA as biomarkers for toxicity and severity of exposure outcomes.