The colonization of corals and their relatives by intracellular microalgae is facilitated by immunity proteins in the animal that contain thrombospondin-type-1 repeats, elucidating the inter-partner recognition processes required for the establishment of this ecologically important symbiosis.

The symbiotic relationship between Hydra and Chlorella is driven by metabolic co-dependence and characterized by changes in the photobiont genome in terms of lack of genes essential in free-living algae.

In C. elegans, neuronic TRPA-1 senses bacterial accumulation by detecting indole production to up-regulate lysozyme genes via FOXO/DAF-16 in the intestine, thereby delaying microbial dysbiosis.

The capacity for symbiosis between photosynthetic microalgae and early diverging lineages fungi was demonstrated with microscopy and stable isotope exchange of carbon and nitrogen.

Physiological differentiation during symbiosis leads to division of labor between smaller and larger cells in an uncultured bacterial tubeworm symbiont population and results in remarkable metabolic diversity and complexity.

Morphological and fitness defects imposed on amoebae hosts by Burkholderia symbionts demonstrates symbiont species-specific effects and provides evidence of host adaptation to naturally acquired symbionts.

Diversification of a conserved cholesterol binder drives functional replacement of cholesterol with symbiont-produced sterols in corals living in nutrient-poor environments.

Selective forces imposed by the squid animal host drive rapid adaptation of non-native Vibrio fischeri bacteria through convergent mutations of large effect, unmasking preexisting coordinated regulation of symbiosis.

Lotus japonicus chitinase modulates the level of rhizobial Nod factor and thereby enables cortical infection and functional symbiosis in root nodules.

Functional analyses provide evidence for a complex Nod factor signalling where NFRe is necessary for maintaining an optimal symbiotic signalling in the susceptible root zone, and initiation of nodule primordia on the expanding root system.