A number of microbial eukaryotes have adapted to low oxygen conditions by acquiring a gene that allows their mitochondrial electron transport chain to continue to function when oxygen is scarce.

The common view that the mitochondrion endowed eukaryotes with a boost in bioenergetic capacity above that in prokaryotes is inconsistent with a diversity of cellular features.

Comparative genomics and three-dimensional protein modelling identify homologs of insect chemosensory receptors in unicellular eukaryotes and plants.

Phylogenetic analyses of the four core virion proteins support a new evolutionary model for the origin of the main groups of eukaryotic viruses in the kingdom Bamfordvirae.

Genomic evidence suggests that L-gulonolactone oxidase-the terminal enzyme in vitamin C synthesis, which has been repeatedly lost throughout animal evolution-was lost in plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes following plastid acquisition.

The crenarchaeon Sulfolobus synthesizes the N-glycan core in the identical way as all Eukaryotes, which strengthens the hypothesis that the eukaryotic N-glycosylation is acquired from an ancient archaeon during eukaryogenesis.

GCNA proteins comprise a previously unnoticed family of proteins that has been enriched in cells carrying a heritable genome since the invention of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, and has had reproductive function for at least 600 million years.

The emergence of complementary electrostatic potentials after the prokaryotic-to-eukaryotic split drives physical and functional cooperation between canonical class A and class B J-proteins to boost protein disaggregation.

The ability of eukaryotic topoisomerase IIs to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation is a novel process for this class of enzymes and may provide answers to many unexplained observations found in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

The CtIP DNA repair enzyme is required for the removal of transcription-associated lesions in eukaryotic cells.