Head-direction cells in the parahippocampal region can be divided into two functionally distinct classes that are differentially constrained by attractor network dynamics.

Neurons that provide information about the direction of the head are present in nucleus reuniens and can potentially directly influence spatial processing in the hippocampus.

Parallel input streams to layer 1 identify a computationally distinct principal neuronal subtype ideally positioned to support spatial orientation computations in the granular retrosplenial cortex.

A mouse virtual reality system is presented which allows normal spatial behavior and place, grid and head-direction cell firing patterns in 2-D arenas, and is compatible with electrophysiology and multi-photon imaging.

Presubicular head-direction circuits are cell-type specific, with long-range projections reaching the 'grid-cell area' medial entorhinal cortex.

A large variety of spatial representations implied in rodent navigation could arise robustly and rapidly from inputs with a weak spatial structure, by an interaction of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic plasticity.

Dementia-related tau pathology reduces speed encoding in the medial entorhinal cortex and is associated with reduced grid cell function, whilst head direction tuning remains intact.

Grid cells lose their hexagonality during hippocampal inactivation, but maintain temporal and spatial synchrony between pairs of cells, implying that hippocampus does not determine phase relations between grid cells.

The BB model explains spatial cognition in terms of interactions between specific neuronal populations, providing a common computational framework for the human neuropsychological and in vivo animal electrophysiological literatures.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging performed while people imagined directions from stationary viewpoints supports theories suggesting that spatially tuned cells such as grid cells underlie mental simulation for future thinking.