The elongation rate of RNA Polymerase II varies greatly between and along genes, as this enzyme accelerates from stable pausing to rapid elongation within genes, and is influenced by CG-content, exons and chromatin.

A novel pathway was discovered for cellular uptake of LPS through secretory protein secretoglobin3A2 and a receptor syndecan-1, causing activation of non-canonical inflammasome pathway leading to pyroptosis of cancer cells.

PPM1H protein phosphatase dephosphorylates Rab proteins modulating LRRK2 signalling.

Strong sustained IL-2 signal selective for CD25⁺ cells induces emergence of CD25⁺Foxp3^- T cells producing IFN-γ in various organs causing enormous increase in the sensitivity to LPS.

Phylogenomics provides support for the Gram-positive type of bacterial cell envelope being a derived character that arose independently multiple times through loss of an ancestral outer membrane.

C. elegans equalizes the expression of X-chromosome genes between the sexes by reducing the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to promoters of X-linked genes in hermaphrodites, using a chromosome-restructuring complex called condensin.

During evolutionary progression of Alu-exons, repressive U-tracts buffer sudden gains in 3' splice site strength and prevent inclusion of cryptic exons.

Caspase-11 catalytic activity and autoprocessing play key roles upstream rather than downstream of its assembly into higher-order inflammasome complexes in response to cytosolic bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

ATP consumption enables chaperones to exploit the different kinetic properties of their conformational states to exhibit a non-equilibrium affinity for their substrates that is orders of magnitude higher than its equilibrium value.

Selection by national-level antibiotic consumption and vaccination trends drives atypical recombinations, frequently resulting in interspecies sequence exchange at many sites across a bacterial species’ chromosome.