A description of evolution that is based on birth-death processes, and in which fitness is at most a derived quantity, is advocated.

Artificial selection on communities drives the evolution of interactions and establishes community-level inheritance.

Increasing levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are associated with decreasing risk of cerebral malaria, but with increased risk of severe malarial anaemia.

Building on previous work (Momeni et al., 2013), it is shown that recognizing the hierarchical organization of biological systems resolves the ongoing controversy on pro-cooperation mechanisms.

Seasonal selection is a general feature of Drosophila melanogaster genetic variation, occurring in North American and European populations and affecting large proportions of the genome.

The novel Reach Cage allows neurophysiology studies of structured behavior with unrestrained Rhesus macaques showing that the frontoparietal reach network is selective for reach goals outside the immediately reachable space.

Temporally delayed linear modelling provides a domain-general linear framework for sequence detection and statistical testing, and is able to detect replays in both human neuroimaging and animal electrophysiology.

Serial-Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) associated with biomolecular analysis show that chloroplast differentiation proceeds by distinct ‘structure establishment’ and ‘chloroplast proliferation’ phases, each with differential protein and lipid regulation.

Tool behaviour of long-tailed macaques leaves archaeological signatures that differ between populations despite similar ecological conditions, highlighting the potential for diversity in material culture.

Selective sweepstakes from pervasive positive selection, rather than demographic changes or random sweepstakes reproduction, is the primary determinant of reproductive skew and genetic diversity in the highly prolific Atlantic cod.