Perceptual decision making, even in simple scenarios, is affected by sensory and decisional choice biases.

Pharmacologically elevated catecholamine levels and spatial attention jointly shape perceptual decision-making, revealed by unique, similar, and interactive effects on behavior, drift diffusion modeling parameters, and electrophysiology.

During perceptual decision making, maximizing total reward in the long term requires trading reward in the short term for a faster improvement in perceptual representations.

A direct relationship between pupil diameter and electrophysiological correlates of attention, sensory stimulus processing and target detection was observed demonstrating that arousal has a substantial influence on perceptual decision-making.

The determination that a decision-maker integrated evidence to form perceptual decisions is shown to be much more difficult than previously appreciated.

Fluctuations of spectral power in large-scale cortical networks shape behavior in a perceptual decision-making task through arousal-linked and arousal-independent mechanisms.

Neural processes for perception and confidence can be separated thanks to computational electroencephalography, thus revealing a neural circuit specific to metacognition.

The neurotransmitter noradrenaline selectively modulates metacognition, the conscious insight into one's performance, but does not alter perceptual decision making, revealing that different neuromodulators affect different stages of a decision making process.

Choice history signals bias the interpretation of current sensory input, akin to shifting endogenous attention toward (or away from) the previously selected interpretation.

A model framework and toolbox to quantify metacognitive biases and sources of metacognitive noise in animal and human confidence data.