Activity in the midbrain responds to unexpected changes in outcome identity (i.e. sensory prediction error) but does not scale with perceptual distance between expected and receipt reward.

Administration of dopamine and opioid receptor antagonists resulted in reduced reward anticipation (effort and increased negative facial reactions), but only administration of opioid antagonists resulted in reduced liking (facial reactions).

Heterozygous Nf1 knockout mice exhibit distinct dopaminergic phenotypes in vivo, as revealed by the genetically encoded dopamine sensor dLight1, patch clamp electrophysiology, optogenetics, and novel viral tools for morphological analysis.

During decisions between smaller-immediate rewards and larger rewards available in the future, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is critical to represent the value of rewards, not the future.

Serotonin-releasing neurons show tonic firing-rate changes correlating with global reward value in addition to phasic firing-rate changes correlating with local task events.

Different rhythms uniquely contribute to task-related processing in the hippocampus, and changes in the rhythmic profile of the hippocampus reflect dynamic coordination of its cell activity.

Dopamine signaling in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis supports sign-tracking, reinforcer-specific satiety, and encodes reward prediction errors.

The new whale shark genome assembly represents the best gapless chondrichthyan genome assembly yet, and comparative genomic analyses provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate genome origins, immunity, and gigantism.

Dynamic dopaminergic signaling modulates the timing of reward-related movements by tuning the moment-to-moment probability of their onset.

Mechanisms that enable wild mice to survive infection with strains of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite virulent enough to kill laboratory mice offer an explanation for how these parasites have been able to persist in the mouse population.