The innervation of the mammary gland is controlled by opposing effects of neurotrophic and repulsive factors and, once trophic signaling is inhibited the repulsive factors, may promote axonal pruning.

Signaling from glia and nerves regulate the development of axonal and dendritic motor neuron architecture, needed for walking in the fruit fly species Drosophila.

The development of the mammalian cochlea undergoes a period of embryonic refinement in which the outer hair cell region repels incoming type I spiral ganglion neurons, thus ensuring these neurons instead form connections with inner hair cells.

Mice that lack the autism susceptibility gene Semaphorin 5A show excess excitatory synapse formation in dentate granule neurons and also altered social behavior, adding to evidence that a surplus of synapses contributes to the behavioral changes observed in autism spectrum disorders.

The organization of layered/laminated axon projections in specific regions of the fruitfly central brain is regulated by short-range repulsive guidance and is critical for local inhibitory circuit formation and function.

Posttranslational protein palmitoylation and palmitoyl acyltransferase-substrate specificity emerge as a novel mechanism specifying the functional identity of neuronal substrates during the development of the central nervous system.

CRMP4 is a new actor in the guidance cue Semaphorin-3E pathway, crucially involved in the establishment of the fornix, a key axonal tract for memory and emotional control.

Neuropilin integrates with Hedgehog signal transduction by a newly identified transducer to control cerebellar neurogenesis and medulloblastoma.

Sonic Hedgehog signaling may temporally and spatially activate planar cell polarity signaling for cellular and tissue morphogenesis.

Second-order guidance, a novel mechanism by which an initial guidance cue controls expression of a second guidance receptor, is required for precise refinement of axon trajectories during PNS development.