Sleep spindles provide a temporal framework to organize the reactivation of behaviorally relevant CA1 cells and sparsely active cells in the limbic thalamus.

Across four samples of children, adolescents, and young adults, age-related higher similarity of dominant, development-specific fast sleep spindles and adult-like fast sleep spindles is uniquely related to stronger and more precise slow oscillation-sleep spindle coupling.

Triggered by (long-duration) hippocampal ripples, spindles facilitate communication between the hipppocampus and neocortex during natural sleep.

A phase-based analysis reveals wave-like spatiotemporal organization of the human sleep spindle, a brain oscillation critical to sleep-dependent memory consolidation, and elucidates its role in coordinating activity of neural networks distributed across the cortex.

Measures of sleep features such as spindles and slow waves differentiate between young people with 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome and healthy controls, and may mediate the relationship between this genotype and psychiatric symptoms.

A new computational approach for detecting sleep waveforms reveals that the 11–15 Hz sleep 'spindle', a neural rhythm implicated in memory consolidation, co-occurs widely across cortex much more often than previously thought.

Altered coupling of different brain waves during sleep is associated with worse brain features related to Alzheimer’s disease processes and cognitive performance, suggesting that sleep brain waves coupling may contribute to poorer brain and cognitive trajectories in ageing.

An individualized cross-frequency coupling approach identified slow oscillation-spindle coupling strength as a novel mechanism that mediates memory formation during cortical maturation.

Individualized cross-frequency analyses reveal regionally specific slow oscillation–sleep spindle coupling precision as predictor for gross-motor learning dynamics.

Multiple non-redundant features of non-rapid eye movement sleep are altered in schizophrenia and largely independent of waking electrophysiological abnormalities, supporting the promise of neuropsychiatric disease biomarkers based on a precise dissection of the sleep.