Term-seq, genetic and biochemical experiments reveal that the trans-action factor aCPSF1 and the terminator U-tract cis-element work in a noteworthy two-in-one termination mode in archaea, and may represent an archetypal mode of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II termination machinery.

Cryo-EM structures reveal the structural dynamics of ArfA*RF2-mediated rescue of stalled ribosomes.

Genetic and bioinformatic analyses uncover an unexpected role for codon usage biases in regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level by suppressing premature transcription termination.

The regulatory role of thousands of upstream open-reading frames were measured and used to determine the relative influences of sequence, structural, and positional features on translation regulation and nonsense-mediated decay.

A parsimonious biophysical model correctly predicts the conserved expression stoichiometry of core bacterial mRNA translation factors, providing intuitive and quantitative design principles for in vivo pathway construction.

Cells resolve unassigned codons with near-cognate suppression, frameshifting, and ribosomal rescue mechanisms, demonstrating that unassigned codons are permissible in both natural and engineered genetic codes as barriers to horizontal gene transfer.

Nonstop mRNA decay degrades mRNAs with a premature stop codon after such mRNAs are targeted by the nonsense-mediated decay machinery.

Ensemble cryo-EM visualizes how structural rearrangements poise the newly made protein and release factor RF2 to dissociate in preparation for ribosome recycling.

Cryo-electron microscopy has been used to provide a structural interpretation of the complete action cycle of release factor 3 during translation termination, which includes a coordinated sequence of interactions with a class-I release factor and the ribosome.

Bidirectional promoter activity, which is inherent to the promoters of selection cassettes used for genome editing, causes divergent transcription that can disrupt expression of genes neighboring cassette insertion sites, causing potent off-target effects.