A new structure reveals two Arf-GEF regulatory domains form a single structural unit that stimulates Arf-GEF activity.

A fatty acyl reductase gene family expansion in the Hymenoptera crown group led to recruitment of novel pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes and is linked to evolution of pheromone marking behavior.

Primate hand preference strength but not direction (left vs. right) generally reflects phylogeny and ecology at species level, but human handedness deviates markedly from all other species.

Bees are at risk of consuming harmful pesticides found in nectar because they cannot detect them using their mouthparts.

Two therapsid clades, dicynodonts and cynodonts, independently acquired and developed an endotherm-like thermoregulation during the Late Permian period, that probably helped them to survive the major global climate and environmental fluctuations of the end-Permian.

The principle underlying the appearance of the growth plate, an organ responsible for longitudinal growth, has implications for various cartilage pathologies including growth abnormalities in children, trauma and osteoarthritis.

Analysis of the osteochondral unit of aquatic mammals reveals a distinctly different tissue structure, lacking the arcade-like collagen fiber organization, a calcified cartilage layer and a dense subchondral bone plate, typically seen in osteochondral tissue of terrestrial mammals.

Proteolytic activation of a sodium-permeable channel that aids in gas exchange and fluid homeostasis likely evolved at the water to land transition in vertebrates.

Epistatic analysis in Xenopus and mouse embryos reveals an evolutionarily conserved gene regulatory network downstream of the transcription factor Tbx5 and retinoic acid that coordinates cardiac and pulmonary development.

The most recent common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos possessed a foot adapted to terrestrial quadrupedalism and climbing.