The sensory regulatory system of the cholera causative involves the detection of bile acids by direct interaction with the inner membrane protein complex formed by ToxR and ToxS, thereby inducing concentration-dependent structural changes.

The human Origin Replication Complex is shaped as a shallow corkscrew in a classic AAA+ organization reminiscent of clamp loader complexes with highly controlled ATPase activity as exemplified by Meier-Gorlin syndrome mutations.

The origin recognition complex is a dynamic complex that assumes various conformational states that likely correspond to different steps in replication initiation.

The central RNA interference protein, human Argonaute-2, releases its target following phosphorylation on a critical loop in the protein, freeing microRNA-bound Argonaute-2 to seek out and repress additional targets.

Vaccination activities that occurred before the COVID-19 pandemic, 2000-2019, are estimated to avert 50 million deaths, highlighting the enormous benefits of continued and improving vaccination.

Understanding others' pain is grounded in cognitive rather than sensory faculties.

Plants and humans use a shared mechanism, the eukaryotic metabolic sensor TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN protein kinase and its substrate, an RNA-binding protein called LARP1, to coordinate post-transcriptional gene expression.

Despite BCAAs being de novo-synthesized in chloroplasts, TOR activation by BCAAs is conserved in plants and triggers a re-organization of actin and actin-associated endomembranes.

Sin1, a regulatory subunit of TOR protein kinase, has an evolutionarily conserved domain that specifically binds and recruits substrate for phosphorylation, and may represent a potential target for anti-cancer drugs.

Young defense metabolites are often believed to be solely outputs but evidence suggests that they can regulate ancient signaling pathways.