Relations among clinical measures.

(A) Multiple regression analysis between %NC and CGM_Mean, CGM_Std, and AC_Var. Scatter plots for predicted %NC versus measured %NC (the left). Each point corresponds to the values for a single individual. Bars represent the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the regression coefficients (the right). (B) Multiple regression analysis between %NC and FBG, HbA1c, and PG120. (C) Linear regression analysis between %NC and the Framingham Risk Score for Hard Coronary Heart Disease. (D) A spring layout of the correlation network involving %NC (black), 14 CGM-derived indices (red), 3 blood glucose level-related indices (magenta), 3 insulin sensitivity or secretion-related indices (blue), and 6 other clinical indices (green) obtained from a single blood test or physical measurement. Connections denote relationships with Q < 0.05. The width of the edges is proportional to the corresponding correlation coefficient. (E) The absolute values of Spearman’s correlation coefficients between clinical parameters and %NC. Bars represent the 95% CIs. (F) Scatter plots for AC_Var versus CGM_Mean (the left), and AC_Var versus CGM_Std (the right). Each point corresponds to a single individual’s values. Individuals are colored based on their %NC value. R is Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the value in parentheses is 95% CI. (G, H) VIF of each variable remaining after removing the variables with the highest VIF one by one until the VIFs of all variables are less than 10. The input variables include the following 26 variables: BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, HbA1c, PG120, I.I., composite index, Oral DI, CGM_Mean, CGM_Std, CONGA, LI, JINDEX, HBGI, GRADE, MODD, MAGE, ADRR, MVALUE, MAG, AC_Mean, and AC_Var. The input variables of (H) included only the CGM-derived measures from the above 26 indices. (I) Scatter plot of the VIF of the indices measured in this study (VIFt) versus that of indices measured in a previous study (VIFp1) (Sugimoto et al., 2025). R is Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the value in parentheses is the 95% CI. (J) Scatter plot of the VIF of the indices measured in this study (VIFt) versus that of the indices measured in a previous study (Hall et al., 2018) (VIFp2).

LASSO and PLS regression analyses for predicting %NC.

(A) Relationship between regularization coefficients (lambda) and the MSE based on the leave-one-out cross-validation in predicting %NC. Dotted vertical line indicates the optimal lambda, which provides the lowest MSE. The optimal lambda was 0.849. (B) LASSO regularization paths along the lambda in predicting %NC. Cyan, magenta, and gray lines indicate the estimated coefficients of AC_Mean, AC_Var, and the other input variables, respectively. Dotted vertical line indicates the optimal lambda. (C) Estimated coefficients with the optimal lambda. Only variables with non-zero coefficients are shown. Input variables include the following 21 variables: BMI, FBG, HbA1c, PG120, I.I., Composite index, Oral DI, CGM_Mean, CGM_Std, CONGA, LI, JINDEX, HBGI, GRADE, MODD, MAGE, ADRR, MVALUE, MAG, AC_Mean, and AC_Var. (D) VIP generated from the PLS regression predicting %NC. Variables with a VIP ≥ 1 (the dotted line) were considered to significantly contribute to the prediction.

Factor analysis of the clinical parameters.

(A) Factor analysis after orthogonal rotation. The values and colors are based on the factor loadings. The columns represent each factor. The rows represent input indices. (B) Cronbach’s α for each factor. Bars represent the 95% CI. (C) Scatter plots and fitted linear regression lines for factor scores versus %NC. Each point corresponds to the values for a single individual. R is Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the value in parentheses is the 95% CI.

Overview of the three components of glucose dynamics.

(A) 240 min simulated glucose concentration. The colors of the lines are based on the mean (Mean), Std, and AC_Var of the simulated blood glucose. Red and gray dotted horizontal lines indicate the minimum and maximum blood glucose values, respectively. (B) Previously reported patterns of blood glucose during the OGTT (Hulman et al., 2018). Green, class 1; light blue, class 2; dark blue, class 3; red, class 4. (C) Mean, Std, and AC_Var of the glucose during the OGTT. Colors are based on the classes shown in Figure 4B.