X-linked microtubule-associated protein Mid1 regulates hippocampal development affects neural rhythm, learning and memory.

a The spontaneous alternate scores of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y in Y maze test (n = 6 mice). b The time required to find the platform by training Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y for five consecutive days in the water maze test (n = 6 mice). c The total distance of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y moving in the platform area in water maze test (n = 6 mice). d Images of representative tracks of the Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y tested on the sixth day of the water maze test. e Time-frequency coherence between HPC and PFC in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y (n = 6 mice). f-g The synchrony between the PFC and HPC in the frequency range of 0-100 Hz in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y (n = 6 mice). h θ-γ cross-frequency coupling in HPC-PFC in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y, respectively (n = 6 mice). i Power data of individual rhythms in HPC of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y under different rhythms (δ:0.5∼3.5 Hz, θ:4∼12 Hz, α:8∼13 Hz, β:14∼35 Hz, γ:30∼90 Hz, Low-γ:30∼55 Hz) (n = 5-6 mice). j The representative signals of α and β rhythm frequencies in the HPC of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y. k Representative pictures of HE staining of brain tissue of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y. l The ventricle area, HPC area and the number of HPC pyramidal neurons in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y were counted (n = 6 mice). f Representative pictures of golgi staining in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y. g Changes of the number of dendritic spines, the length of dendritic spines, the number of dendritic spines per unit length and the number of intersections between dendrites and concentric circles in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y (n = 5 mice). o Venn diagram of common and specific genes detected by transcriptome of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y HPC. p Differential gene volcano map. The abscissa represents the change of gene expression multiple in Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y, and the ordinate represents the significant level of gene expression difference between the two groups. q Sankey and bubble diagram reflects the main pathways enriched by KEGG, and the significant differential genes contained in each pathway. r The mRNA levels of gene in the HPC were tested via RT-qPCR by normalization to the level of β-actin (n = 6 mice). s Western Blot results of protein in HPC of Mid1+/y and Mid1-/y (n = 6 mice). t Pairwise comparisons of important genes in the pathway are shown, with a color gradient denoting Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Different rhythms (θ, α, β) of HPC was was related to the effect of different genes by partial Mantel tests. Edge width corresponds to the Mantel’s r statistic for the corresponding distance correlations, and edge color denotes the statistical significance based on permutations. * indicates highly significant correlation (P < 0.05), ** indicates highly significant correlation (P < 0.01), *** indicates highly significant correlation (P < 0.001).