A gain-of-function in a new chemical defense resulted in no trade-offs and and independent evolution between novel and ancestral defenses, suggesting low redundancy among different defensive chemicals.

Physiological differentiation during symbiosis leads to division of labor between smaller and larger cells in an uncultured bacterial tubeworm symbiont population and results in remarkable metabolic diversity and complexity.

The subcellular localization of the prolyl hydroxylase oxygen sensor in C. elegans neurons is regulated by p38 MAP kinase signaling.

The long-distance flight of locusts is greatly facilitated by a muscle-abundantly expressed Hif-1α splice variant, which remains active in normoxia and scavenges flight-induced reactive oxygen species by upregulating the expression of DJ-1 (PARK 7).

The shoot meristem becomes domed in shape during floral transition and this is controlled by flowering pathways and the phytohormone gibberellin causing increases in cell size and number.

Nanoscale changes to individual collagen fibrils drive lung fibrosis.

Mutations in budding yeast modeled after cancer-associated isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations lead to stabilization of heterochromatin and enhanced gene silencing through inhibition of specific histone demethylases by the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate.