In contrast to current models, inputs from midbrain limbic structures, but not from the hippocampus, are necessary for mammillary body contributions to memory.

The first complete 3D structures of mouse cholinergic neurons reveal the length and complexity of their axons, while calculations suggest that equivalent axons in the human brain are approximately than 100 meters long.

Retrieval enhances fear memory through reconsolidation by activating calcineurin-induced protein degradation and CREB-mediated gene expression in amygdala, hippocampus, and mPFC.

Conditional knockout of the small GTPase Cdc42 in excitatory neurons of the mouse forebrain leads to impaired long-term synaptic plasticity and impaired retrieval of remote memory.

Neuroimaging provides novel insights into how the motor system represents sequences of actions by automatically separating their spatial and temporal features for flexible skill production.

A striking dissociation exists in the medial prefrontal cortex, with different brain regions responding to value when commitments are deferred to the future and when prospects are judged to be undesirable.

Patterns of communication between the thalamus and the cortex are correlated with anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness and recovery.

The anterior and posterior parts of the hippocampus have distinct roles in the retrieval of contextual information in memories of recent experiences.

High-frequency stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which enhances memory and hippocampal neurogenesis, is a novel target for treatment of dementia-related diseases.

Quantitative modeling of inactivations shows the prefrontal cortex (but not parietal cortex) of the rat is obligatory for decisions guided by evidence accumulating longer than 240 ms.