Elephants escaped enhanced cancer susceptibility by evolving more master tumor suppressor genes.

DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene reveal that the extinct Eurasian straight-tusked elephants were closely related to today's African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) in Africa.

Duplication of tumor suppressor genes contributed to the evolution of large, long-lived elephants.

The evolutionary loss of the main enzyme required for ketone body biosynthesis suggests that alternative strategies to provide energy for large brains during fasting evolved repeatedly in mammals.

The long mandibles were gradually replaced by more flexible trunks in the evolution of proboscideans.

Sloths, armadillos, and anteaters evolved genetic and cellular traits that make them remarkably cancer resistant.

Abundant mitochondrial DNA of long-extinct large mammals in recent sediment of Siberian lakes suggests complex taphonomic redistribution.