Stochastic models able to reproduce both incidence and seroprevalence data for Zika outbreaks in the Pacific Islands estimate that the basic reproduction number (R₀) is between 1.5 and 4.1.

A method to assess the risk of self-sustained HIV transmission in heterosexuals from phylogenetic and epidemiological data is developed and, when applied to the Swiss HIV epidemic, shows that this risk is negligibly small for Switzerland.

Variable petal number in Cardamine hirsuta is explained by regulatory changes in the MADS-box gene APETALA1 that relaxed its epistasis over mapped QTL in the C. hirsuta genome.

The human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 primarily spreads between cells using a method called cell-to-cell infection, suggesting that this process may be a target for anti-viral drugs.

Key numbers about the biology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the infection of a single human host by the virus have been compiled from the peer-reviewed literature.

Heterogeneity in exposure to malaria vectors, including sporozoite-infected mosquitoes, contributes to the variation in human infection risk and amplifies the local transmission potential.

Reconstruction of great auk population dynamics suggests that hunting pressure alone could have been responsible for their extinction, demonstrating that even abundant, widespread species can be vulnerable to intense exploitation.

Whole genome sequencing of 19 populations of Atlantic and Baltic herring reveals hundreds of individual loci underlying adaptation to a low salinity niche or timing of reproduction.

Experiments and mathematical modelling show that rare nitrogen fixing symbionts invade a population dominated by non-fixing bacteria across plant generations, above a threshold of a combination of ecological factors.

Exchange of the I domain in the Plasmodium surface protein TRAP against evolutionary distant I domains rescues infectivity of sporozoites.