The Notch signaling pathway can use its various ligands, receptors, and Fringe proteins to generate diverse intra- and intercellular signaling behaviors.

Nicotine affects intestinal stem cells rather than Paneth cells, resulting in the increased stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal stem cells.

Biophysical binding and structural prediction studies reveal that Tetraspanin12 directly binds the ligand Norrin, in a manner that is negatively cooperative with Norrin-Fzd4 binding and competitive with Norrin-LRP5/6 binding.

In Drosophila, the planar cell polarity protein Flamingo is required by winners to maintain their status during cell competition in multiple models as they compete to occupy excessive territory within wildtype tissues.