Metabolic exaptation of an anaplerotic nitrogen cycle between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells may explain the remarkably frequent convergent evolution of C4 photosynthesis.

Malaria pre-exposed volunteers exhibit large breadth of humoral immune responses, with strong variation between individuals, which might compromise vaccine-induced humoral immune response due to natural imprinting.

In an in vitro RNA replication system, an RNA spontaneously diversifies and continuously evolves through coevolution with parasitic entities.

Co-evolving residue pairs in the different components of a protein complex almost always make contact across the protein–protein interface, thus providing powerful restraints for the modeling of protein complexes.

An ancient integration of an endogenous retroelement in the gene encoding PD-L1 is exapted to generate a soluble form that antagonises the suppressive function of the membrane-bound form.

Flexibility is a defining feature of AKAP kinase-phosphatase assemblies and points toward a mechanism whereby combinatorial recruitment of binding partners tailors the overall conformation of the macromolecular assembly, allowing customized physiological roles.

The feedback inhibition of T-type calcium channels by intracellular calcium provides new avenues to better decipher the roles of these low-voltage-activated channels in the fine control of calcium signaling events in physiology and pathophysiology.

The ubiquitin ligase ROQUIN cross-talks with cellular metabolic signals to generate protective T cell-dependent antibody responses.

The ability of calcium waves to exert different effects on calcineurin activity depending on subcellular location is mediated by the distribution of calmodulin.