Antibody-mediated neutralisation of Gremlin-1 was ineffective in treating fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitits, likely due to low hepatic expression in a subset of myofibroblasts and redundant Gremlin-1 signalling.

The extension of covariation analyses to proteins that coevolve but do not physically interact enabled identification of selectivity residues in quorum sensing proteins, providing insight into the evolution of signaling systems.

A new method of protein structure prediction that incorporates residue–residue co-evolution information into the Rosetta structure prediction program was used to develop models for 58 large protein families that had no previous structural information.

Co-evolving residue pairs in the different components of a protein complex almost always make contact across the protein–protein interface, thus providing powerful restraints for the modeling of protein complexes.

ChIP-seq analysis reveals BMP signaling targets in a cnidarian and identifies ZSWIM4-6 as a dampener of the pSMAD1/5 gradient and a potential conveyor of the BMP-mediated gene repression.

GLI3 represses Hedgehog target gene expression by regulating histone modifications at a subset of tissue-specific GLI-bound enhancers.

Experimental determination of residue contacts from mutational data allows model discrimination and identification of in vivo functional conformations of proteins.

Crucial functions of Toll signalling during dorsoventral axis formation might have evolved convergently in flies and crickets.

Despite the known heme attachment motif (CXXCH) in all c-type cytochromes, attachment elements recognized by human and bacterial cytochrome c biogenesis pathways are distinct, providing clear targets for differential inhibitors.

A generalizable approach to understanding the logic of molecular recognition reveals the contributions of individual residues to the specificity of protein-protein interactions.