Generation of stable transgenic opsin lines together with in vivo calibration of their efficacy using behavioural and electrophysiological assays constitutes a novel optogenetic toolkit in zebrafish.

Electrophysiology measurements characterized eight optogenetic methods, including a new reporter mouse expressing soma-localized light-activated chloride channels, for inactivating small regions of mouse neocortex.

A high axonal chloride concentration explains why activation of light-gated chloride channels causes neurotransmitter release, and a novel hybrid somatodendritic targeting motif ameliorates this phenomenon and improves their inhibitory function.

Substrate-induced structural changes in GtACR1 provide new insight into the chemical mechanism of natural light-gated anion conductance and facilitate its optimization for photoinhibition of neuron firing in optogenetics.

The atomic structure of GtACR1 provides new insight into the chemical mechanism of natural light-gated anion membrane conductance, and enables its optimization for optogenetic photoinhibition of neuron firing.

Asp234 is deprotonated in the ground state and forms the proton transfer pathway that proceeds from the Schiff base toward Glu68 in the intermediate state of the anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1.

A slow and stable memory unit instructs fast and transient units by activating dopaminergic neurons via an excitatory hub interneuron connecting those units during second-order conditioning in Drosophila.

Postmated increases in sucrose consumption in Drosophila melanogaster females is executed by a female specific circuit that alters neuroendocrine centers to promote hunger.