Bacterial CRISPR immunity tracks phage mutations, creating immune diversity in bacterial populations that parallels phage genetic diversity and patterns of phage evolution that are determined by the type and degree of immune cross-reactivity in the CRISPR system.

Isw1 acts as a master regulator in modulating the expression of drug-resistance genes, and this regulatory mechanism is dependent on the interaction of Isw1 acetylation and ubiquitination.

The IgG4 subclass, previously considered anti-inflammatory due to its weak effector function, could either reduce or exacerbate autoantibody pathogenicity in the context of different IgG4-mediated autoimmune diseases.

A derived stress response trait may have contributed to the emergence of a globally dominant and promiscuous parasite.

Host protein homeostasis is a critical force shaping influenza evolution, impacting both the nature of selection on the influenza genome and the accessibility of specific mutational trajectories.

Imaging, quantitative immunoblotting and mass spectrometry reveal that hundreds of surface-expressed neuronal membrane proteins exhibit atypical glycosylation profiles, resulting in changes in protein half-life and synaptic responses.

A MRI study of virally infected CNS demonstrates the utility of MRI in detecting the earliest pathological events and studying pathogen-specific T cells at the level of single cell as well as the therapeutic potential of antiviral T cells.