An in silico reconstruction of a chloroplast that existed hundreds of millions of years ago casts new insights in the evolutionary processes, endosymbioses and chimerism events that shape the origin of plastids.

A method to profile hair pigmentation patterns establishes a new approach for psychobiological studies and links metabolic changes to greying in humans.

Group III metabotropic glutamate receptor inhibition facilitates synaptic plasticity in the plasticity-resistant synapses of hippocampal area CA2, a brain region critical for social memory.

Wnt3 accomplishes long-range distribution by extracellular diffusion controlled by expression, tissue morphology, interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and co-receptor-mediated receptor binding to regulate brain development in zebrafish embryos.

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans function as receptors for the R-spondins, a family of growth factors that amplify the strength of WNT signaling during development and in adult stem cells.

Leptin acts cell autonomously on brainstem neurons that express GLP-1 to suppress development of excitatory viscerosensory inputs to the hypothalamus.

SMOC inhibits BMP signaling locally, but also expands the range of BMP signaling by competing for heparan sulfate binding sites.

R-spondins 2 and 3 can potentiate WNT signaling in the absence of LGRs through interactions with ZNRF3/RNF43 E3 ubiquitin ligases and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, defining two alternative modes of R-spondin-mediated signaling.

Cytosolic and organellar Hsp90s from higher eukaryotes have evolved a variable, and environmentally responsive N-terminal extension to regulate their activity.

Genetic analyses reveal how CDX2 and BRAF defects seen in serrated colorectal cancer (CRCs), a poor prognosis CRC subset, cooperate in tumorigenesis in humans and in a mouse cancer model.