Cell-wide Ca²⁺ signals that regulate numerous cellular functions comprise dual Ca²⁺ release modes through IP₃ receptors, punctate transients mediated by clustered receptors and spatiotemporally diffuse release through functionally distinct receptors.

The inositol phosphate IP6 is selectively packaged into HIV virions, where it coordinates electropositive pores in the capsid to prevent spontaneous collapse and promote encapsidated DNA synthesis.

Attenuating candidate live virus vaccines by incorporating unfavoured codon pairs to reduce translation efficiency is actually mediated though changes in frequencies of CpG and UpA dinucleotides, which make viruses more visible to the innate immune system.

The auxin-sensitive Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors regulate approximately 35% of the annotated genes in Physcomitrella patens and exhibit complex interactions with both the activating and repressing ARF transcription factors.

Cdc48-like protein of actinobacteria (Cpa) is a AAA+ proteasomal interactor involved in adaptation of mycobacteria to carbon limitation and potentially influencing ribosomal composition of the cell.

Structural and biophysical studies help to follow the disassembly of the HIV-1 capsid in vitro, and reveal the role of a small molecule called IP6 in regulating capsid stability.

Leaf position, shape and orientation are pre-patterned by cell type boundaries in the shoot meristem.

Neural correlates of somatosensory target detection are restricted to secondary somatosensory cortex, whereas activity in insular, cingulate, and motor regions reflects stimulus uncertainty and overt reports.

EphA signaling plays dual opposite roles on axon dynamics in neurons, so it inhibits and promotes axon growth through ligand binding and receptor processing, respectively.

Synapses employ distinct acute and chronic signaling processes in order to maintain physiologically appropriate levels of function.