By modelling organisms that alternate between individual and colonial lifestyles, the well-known Parrondo's paradox can emerge in an ecological setting without the need for stochastic environmental variation.
A reanalysis of the stochastic model of organelle production (Mukherji and O'Shea, 2014) suggests that this model requires significant further discussion.
A simulation study is used to demonstrate how mistakes in identifying the experimental unit and the unit of analysis can lead to incorrect analyses and inappropriate inferences when reporting research studies.
