Motor training decreased the unit synaptic response and suppressed induction of long-term depression at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum, supporting involvement of long-term depression in motor learning.

Electrophysiological and optical analysis of neurotransmitter release at central synapses reveals that glutamate signalling is not required for the long-term potentiation (LTP) of presynaptic function, and instead only promotes presynaptic long-term depression (LTD).

The genome-organizer Satb2 has a key role in memory formation by modulating availability of miRNAs that control the function of synapses.

Storage of long-term memory in Aplysia does not require stable synapses.

CB₁-receptor-mediated inhibitory long-term depression (LTD) relies on both protein synthesis and ubiquitination to elicit structural changes that underlie long-term reduction of GABA release.

Pair-rule genes in the wasp Nasonia function as in Drosophila in patterning anterior segments, and similar to ancestral insects in patterning posterior segments, illustrating a mixed-mode transition state between short and long germ embryogenesis.

The first genomic view of beetle luciferase evolution indicates evolutionary independence of luciferase between fireflies and click-beetles, and provide valuable datasets which will accelerate the discovery of new biotechnological tools.

Codon optimization through biased synonymous substitutions is a characteristic feature of the genomes of generalist fungal parasites and is associated with the colonization of multiple hosts.

Parturition gene regulation across multiple cell-types and placental compartments is deciphered at single cell resolution, highlighting the common role of the NFKB pathway in both term and preterm birth.

Taking advantage of awell-established learning paradigm, conditioned taste aversion (CTA), change of hedonic value of a palatable tastant revealed the neural mechanisms encoding this learning process.