Multiple respiratory and vascular mechanisms have recurrently evolved across the vertebrates to alleviate the oxygen diffusion limitations inherent to the morphology of the retina.
While antimicrobial cocktails are highly effective for defence against pathogenic microbes, the innate immune response may instead employ highly specific peptidic antibiotics to combat certain natural enemies.
Humans and other animals have different strategies for extracting the pitch of sounds, potentially driven by the species-specific frequency selectivity of the ear.
Dispensable loops shield the functionally-important extracellular loops of the essential Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane protein LptD from antibody interference.
The Rag-family GTPases, known activators of TOR complex 1 (TORC1), also function as attenuator that prevents deregulated hyperactivation of TORC1 signaling.
Identification of a novel source of progenitor cells that form arterial valve leaflets and that, when disrupted, can lead to bicuspid arterial valve, the most common human cardiac malformation.
Pre-existing enhancers interpret T cell signaling strength in an analogue manner to direct quantitative changes in gene expression within the context of an overall digital response.
Mutations in several components of a bacterial ribosome are shown to broadly decrease antibiotic and stress sensitivity, and readily accessible reversion mutations allow these ribosomal mutations to serve as stepping stones to high level antibiotic resistance.
