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Active expiration in anesthetized rats is driven by the lateral parafacial region, but requires an additional form of excitation from another source.

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a cortex-like structure called the arcopallium form part of a circuit that enables young songbirds to compare their own song with a template stored in memory, and use any discrepancies to improve their performance.

Dopaminergic cells uniquely receive input from a roughly equal mixture of synapses on dendritic spines and synapses formed directly on dendrites.

The ability of hair cells to produce an electrical signal in response to a mechanical stimulus stems from tension in the elastic tip links within the bundles.

In a mouse model of neurodegeneration, hippocampal firing sequences that normally encode spatial memories become disengaged from external space.

The molecular mechanisms beyond the bidirectionality (tTLP and tLTD) of endocanabinoid spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity have been identified.

The nematode worm C. elegans consumes familiar bacterial species more rapidly than it does novel ones, and this preference for familiarity is mediated by a pair of serotonergic neurons.

Building on previous work (Kessler et al., 2015), it is shown that long-tongued hawkmoths assess individual flowers by smelling floral odors with olfactory neurons on their proboscises, and that this close-range perception is crucial for successful pollination and foraging.

In contrast to current models, inputs from midbrain limbic structures, but not from the hippocampus, are necessary for mammillary body contributions to memory.