The rodent orbitofrontal cortex makes functionally distinct contributions to flexible behavioural control, even within a single putative orbitofrontal subregion, which has important implications for establishing homology between rodent and primate orbitofrontal cortex.

The bidirectional orbitofrontal cortex-basolateral amygdala circuit helps us to learn the details of predicted rewarding events and then to use that information to make good reward pursuit decisions.

Inhibiting ventral tegmental dopamine neurons, or their inputs to nucleus accumbens, disrupts cue-motivated reward seeking in a manner that depends on the microstructure of behavior.

A review of a neuronal circuit architecture that helps us to learn about rewarding events and then to use that information to support adaptive decision making.

Motivational coupling of action to reward and inhibition to punishment is subserved by dissociable learning and choice processes, and is modulated by dopamine/noradrenaline transporter blockade.

Dopaminergic medication dissociates contingent motivation from reward expectation effects on invigoration of movements in PD patients, confirming they are separate processes with different dopaminergic functions.

Behavioral analyses show that individuals insensitive to punishment are afraid of aversive events, they are simply unable to change their behaviour to avoid them.

A mathematical model describes the function of dopaminergic neurons in both learning and action planning.

The extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core is progressively diminished by white noise, an underutilized, easy-to-titrate aversive stimulus, but is unaffected by white-noise intensity, context valence, and associated probabilistic contingencies.