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High-resolution maps and models of the bacterial ribosome provide new chemical insights into protein synthesis, and should enable the development of robust tools for cryo-EM structure modeling and refinement.

An inferred mechanistic model that connects sequence (genotype) to function (constitutive gene expression phenotype) for any random sequence in Escherichia coli reveals the structure of constitutive promoters and how they evolve.

Cells resolve unassigned codons with near-cognate suppression, frameshifting, and ribosomal rescue mechanisms, demonstrating that unassigned codons are permissible in both natural and engineered genetic codes as barriers to horizontal gene transfer.

Without ribosome recycling factor, ribosomes in Escherichia coli accumulate in 3'-UTRs and queue upstream of stop codons, but no effects were observed on the translational coupling of neighboring genes.

Collision between ribosomes can cause dissociation of stalled ribosomes from messenger RNAs during the process of mRNA translation.

Biochemical and genome-wide analysis demonstrates that m¹G37 is important for tRNA aminoacylation and for the entire elongation cycle of protein synthesis.

A synthetic riboswitch binding one isoform of a photoreversible ligand provides a photoregulatory tool for bacterial translation initiation.

Mutations elsewhere in the genome play critical roles in improving fitness during amplification and divergence of a gene encoding a weak-link enzyme whose inefficiency limits growth rate.

Kasugamycin potentiates rifampicin killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting adaptive mistranslation.

Transcription factors can read out both the sequence and the structure of the non-template DNA strand in the transcription bubble, expanding the repertoire of mechanisms to control transcription.