The new whale shark genome assembly represents the best gapless chondrichthyan genome assembly yet, and comparative genomic analyses provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate genome origins, immunity, and gigantism.

Sialoside-based pattern recognition by Siglecs directly regulates toll-like receptor signaling and a sialidase inhibitor protects against endotoxemia.

The response to TLR4 ligands in mice and humans is modulated by TLR5, which participates in the TLR4 signaling complex.

A pattern recognition receptor called toll-like receptor 13 detects pathogens in a manner that is different to that seen in other pathogen sensors.

A transmembrane protein uses distinct mechanisms to regulate the movement of specific toll-like receptors-key immune system components involved in detecting pathogens-to their final locations inside cells.

Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by innate immune sensor TLR2 leads to the induction of inflammatory mediators and constitutes a mechanism for cytokine storm during COVID-19.

Microbial-sensing TLRs drive responses to the microbiota, while nucleic-acid sensing TLRs control responses to endogenous ligands, revealing novel regulation of B-1a responses through integrated BCR/TLR mediated activation.

Novel post-translational modification of pattern recognition receptor TLR2 has consequences in bacterial infection and inflammatory signaling.

Determining that microbiota-deficient mice have increased visceral pain, which can be reversed by restoring microbiota, may lead to novel microbial-based strategies for disorders associated with visceral pain.

The pathogenic success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis relies in part on its ability to blunt a component of the TLR2-dependent immune response.