Considerable differences are observed in the global dissemination patterns of HBV-D and HBV-A, the genotypes of which have putative origins in North Africa/Middle East (HBV-D) and the Middle East/Central Asia (HBV-A).

Swine populations worldwide are sporadically infected by influenza viruses from humans and birds leading to geographically heterogeneous swine influenza virus populations that pose epizootic and pandemic threats.

Chicken ANP32A, and not chicken ANP32B, supports influenza polymerase activity and thus editing of this single gene may generate chickens that are resilient to influenza virus infection.

Data-driven methods predict over 35 mosquitoes are potential vectors of Zika virus, suggesting a larger geographic area and a greater human population is at risk of infection.

Cauliflower mosaic virus reacts immediately when aphids feed on the host plant, and this boosts its chances of being taken up and transmitted by the insects to a new plant.

Interferon lambda 4, a protein part of the innate immune response, drives major amino acids selection in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

Insight into the molecular assembly of a protein with a central role in infections paves the way to understanding how Rift Valley fever virus causes disease.

A global map of environmental suitability for Zika virus and the estimated population living at potential risk can help refine public health guidelines, travel advisories and intervention strategies at a crucial time in the global emergence of this arbovirus.

The high-resolution structure of a filamentous flexible plant virus shows that there is structural homology between its coat protein and the nucleoproteins of an unrelated group of enveloped RNA animal viruses.

The analysis of the genomes of two lineages of influenza B virus (Victoria and Yamagata) reveal that their phylodynamics are fundamentally different, and are determined by a complex relationship between virus transmission, age of infection and receptor binding preference.