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A new multistep hierarchical cascade controls activation of an integrative and conjugative element in a small subpopulation of cells in its bacterial host, yielding proficient DNA transferring cells.

A biochemical reconstitution shows that the accumulation of Caulobacter crescentus ParB on DNA requires cytidine triphosphate and a closed DNA substrate in vitro.

An atypical subtilase protein, resulting from an alternative splicing event, mediates retention of the defence related-transcription factor MYB30 at endosomal vesicles, thus repressing Arabidopsis antibacterial immunity.

The activity, localization, and essentiality of TbFUT1, together with its ability to complement Leishmania parasites lacking the homologous gene, suggest the presence of an uncommon and conserved mitochondrial fucosylation pathway required for kinetoplastid parasites viability.

The Helicobacter pylori Cag T4SS has unique structural features, including unexpected symmetry mismatch between sub-complexes, with implications for protein secretion.

A plant immune receptor evolved recognition of caterpillar peptides through key molecular changes.

The structure of a Type IV secretion system provides a framework for understanding assembly of a protein-injection machine.

Specialized fungal pathogen populations infect rice varieties with contrasting immune systems co-cultivated in a traditional agro-system, indicating the relevance of crop diversity to restricting epidemics in the landscape.